Should not all substances boil in pure vacuum?

In summary: But free atoms have more entropy. In summary, when the vapor pressure of a substance is larger than the external pressure, it will boil. However, in vacuum where there is no pressure, substances with strong intermolecular forces like diamonds will not boil. This is due to the equilibrium between the solid, liquid, and gas forms of a substance, and the law of mass action and second law of thermodynamics support this. In normal conditions on Earth, the combination of intermolecular forces and external pressure keeps substances like diamonds solid. In a vacuum, the absence of external pressure allows for greater entropy and potential for molecules to break apart, but the strong intermolecular forces in diamonds prevent this from happening. This is because the lattice arrangement of atoms
  • #1
MrNano
16
0
It is well known that when the vapor pressure of a substance is bigger than the external pressure, it boils. In vacuum there are no particles and therefore no pressure, shouldn't therefore, even diamond as for example, boil in complete vacuum?
 
Physics news on Phys.org
  • #2
Why do you think diamonds do not boil in normal conditions on the Earth? And why oxygen does?
 
  • #3
It is of course due to the intermolecular forces acting. However all solid and liquid substances are in an equilibrium with their gas form, therefore, if we lower the external pressure just enough then the equilibrium will be displaced towards the gas phase. I think this is a consequence of the law off mass action.

It seems also that the second law of thermodynamics support this. There will be an "urge" for the substance to fill up the empty space in order to raise the total entropy of the system.

Edit; I am aware that absolute vacuum is very hard (impossible?) to reach, but you can view it as a thought experiment.
 
  • #4
MrNano said:
It is of course due to the intermolecular forces acting.

That contradicts your previous statement, which assumes it is solely the external pressure that holds materials solid (because, otherwise, you would have to conclude that I.M. forces can prevent materials from boiling even when ext. pressure is zero).
 
  • #5
How is it a contradiction? The intermolecular forces are closely related to the vapor pressure of the substance. Substances with strong forces tend to have a high boiling point and therefore a very low valued vapor pressure. Take as for example water, which has a vapor pressure of approximately 25 torr, and compare it to methanol which has its value around 125 torr. Clearly the hydrogen bonding contributes.

Edit; a better answer would have been that in normal conditions it does not contribute to an increase in total entropy.
 
  • #6
I am not talking about vapor pressure. I am talking about just pressure. You said:

In vacuum there are no particles and therefore no pressure, shouldn't therefore, even diamond as for example, boil in complete vacuum?

That very clearly assumes that it is (external) pressure that keeps materials from boiling.

But then you said:

It is of course due to the intermolecular forces acting.

I. M. forces within a body (e.g., a diamond) are clearly not responsible for (external) pressure. So what keeps a diamond solid? Its I.M. forces or external pressure? (Assuming the ordinary conditions here on planet Earth.)
 
  • #7
voko said:
I am not talking about vapor pressure. I am talking about just pressure. You said:

That very clearly assumes that it is (external) pressure that keeps materials from boiling.
But then you said:

I. M. forces within a body (e.g., a diamond) are clearly not responsible for (external) pressure. So what keeps a diamond solid? Its I.M. forces or external pressure? (Assuming the ordinary conditions here on planet Earth.)
I guess its a combination of both and ultimately the entropy contribution
 
  • #8
Yes, it can be a combination of both. Then what makes you reject the idea that at least some substances can have I.M. forces alone strong enough to keep their solid shape?
 
  • #9
But is that the case? I am looking for a discussion and ultimately an answer.

My thought is that if you have an infinitely big volume of complete vacuum, and a piece of diamond, or any substance in the center, then it must be broken into its smallest components in order to fill the space and create maximum disorder.

If this is not the case, then why? For me it clearly seems that this is the implication of the thermodynamics.
 
  • #10
Yes, that is the case. Diamonds are forever or pretty close to that, even in the hardest vacuum you can think of.
 
  • #11
Do you have any references? I would love to read about the physics behind it, it is quite surprising if that is the case
 
  • #12
I just find it surprising, since I am aware that diamond has very strong kinetic barriers, but that it still, even in an infinite vacuum can resist being broken down.
 
  • #14
It still feels weird that it does not decompose to singly carbon atoms, spread in space. However I guess you are right. Thank you my friend.
 
  • #15
MrNano said:
I just find it surprising, since I am aware that diamond has very strong kinetic barriers, but that it still, even in an infinite vacuum can resist being broken down.

You're thinking about vacuum backwards - it's not infinite vacuum, it's zero pressure. If the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the molecules together without any help from outside pressure, the object will remain together.
 
  • #16
Thank you for the explanation. However, shouldn't free atoms be more stable in absolute vacuum, compared with atoms in a lattice? Putting the kinetics aside.
 
  • #17
Atoms form a lattice because that arrangement has lower energy. Which means it is more stable.
 

1. Why do some substances not boil in pure vacuum?

Substances have different boiling points, which is the temperature at which they change from a liquid to a gas. In a pure vacuum, there is no external pressure to keep the substance in its liquid state, so it will boil at its specific boiling point. If the substance has a high boiling point, it may not boil at all in a pure vacuum.

2. Can any substance boil in pure vacuum?

Technically, yes. Any substance can boil in a pure vacuum if it is heated to its specific boiling point. However, some substances may have extremely high boiling points, making it difficult to reach that temperature in a pure vacuum.

3. Why does water boil at room temperature in a pure vacuum?

Water has a relatively low boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). In a pure vacuum, there is no external pressure to keep water in its liquid state, so it will boil at room temperature.

4. Are there any exceptions to substances boiling in pure vacuum?

Yes, there are some substances that do not follow the typical boiling point behavior in a pure vacuum. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) will not boil in a pure vacuum, but will instead undergo a process called sublimation, where it changes directly from a solid to a gas.

5. How does the pressure affect the boiling point of a substance in a pure vacuum?

In a pure vacuum, the absence of pressure means that the boiling point of a substance is solely determined by its own vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a substance, the lower its boiling point will be in a pure vacuum.

Similar threads

Vapor pressure -- How does water still boil at 100°C in an open pot?
    • Chemistry
2
Replies
35
Views
3K
B Cheapest equipment to boil water at 60℃
    • Other Physics Topics
Replies
15
Views
2K
Does pressure affect equilibrium vapor pressure (or RH)?
    • Chemistry
Replies
8
Views
2K
I Exploring the Physics of a Straw & Water: A Detailed Analysis
    • Classical Physics
Replies
12
Views
2K
I Water bath and water vapor + air mixture in a closed system
    • Thermodynamics
Replies
2
Views
776
How to understand this 3d surface of ##P,\bar{V}##, and ##T##?
    • Chemistry
Replies
11
Views
1K
I Melting point of graphite and diamond?
    • Classical Physics
Replies
3
Views
1K
Forever boiling water in vacuum
    • General Engineering
Replies
15
Views
10K
I Empirical temperature scales using different thermometers
    • Classical Physics
Replies
7
Views
850
I Questions about Negative Pressure and Vacuum Energy
    • Cosmology
Replies
5
Views
1K

Hot Threads

Recent Insights

Back
Top