Does Electrical wire suffer 'wear' from electrons?

In summary, Electromigration is the effect of electrons pushing metal atoms around when they collide, causing deterioration in the wire. This is more significant in tiny micron-scale wires in integrated circuits. It is not a problem in large power lines or power electronics, but can occur in both AC and DC circuits. The lost "matter" is not lost, but simply moved around like sediment in a river.
  • #1
defnk
2
0
Hi all,

First post, hope its in the right forum.

My question is, does copper wire wear out from the movement of electrons? Do the electrons cause deterioration?
Assume in a vacuum (no oxidization etc)

Thanks!
 
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  • #2
Indeed, they do. The effect is called electromigration. You can basically imagine it as electrons pushing metal atoms around when they collide.

Since current flows through DC circuits in the same direction at all times, the collisions can gradually push enough metal atoms out of the way and break the wire.

For normal macroscopic wires, the effect is literally insignificant. For the tiny micron-scale wires in an integrated circuit, though, it's very important.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration

- Warren
 
  • #3
Thanks! Great reply.
Any idea what happens to the lost 'matter'?
 
  • #4
It isn't "lost," it's just moved around. Think about a river washing sediment downstream.

- Warren
 
  • #5
Is the effect canceled out on AC because the electrons flow both ways?
 
  • #6
Electromigration seems to be primarily a problem in microcircuits. I don't believe I've of problem in large power lines or power electronics.

http://www.csl.mete.metu.edu.tr/Electromigration/emig.htm

The same problem should occur in AC as well as DC for the same current density and voltage.
 

1. Does electrical wire suffer wear from electrons?

Yes, electrical wire can experience wear from electrons over time. This is known as "electromigration," which is the movement of atoms in the wire due to the flow of electrons. This can result in thinning or breakage of the wire.

2. How do electrons cause wear in electrical wire?

Electrons carry energy as they flow through the wire, and this energy can cause the atoms in the wire to move and rearrange. This can lead to wear and tear on the wire, especially at high temperatures or when a large amount of current is flowing.

3. Can the type of metal used in the wire affect wear from electrons?

Yes, different materials have different properties and are affected differently by the flow of electrons. For example, copper is commonly used in electrical wiring because it is a good conductor and is less susceptible to wear from electrons compared to other metals like aluminum.

4. How can we prevent wear from electrons in electrical wire?

There are several ways to prevent wear from electrons in electrical wire. One method is to use thicker wire, which can handle more current and reduce the effects of electromigration. Another approach is to use materials that are less susceptible to wear, such as copper or silver. Proper insulation and regular maintenance can also help prevent wear from electrons.

5. Is wear from electrons a major concern in electrical systems?

Yes, wear from electrons is a significant concern in electrical systems, particularly for high-power applications. Over time, wear can lead to malfunctions, shorts, and other issues that can be dangerous and costly to fix. Therefore, it is essential to consider wear from electrons in the design and maintenance of electrical systems.

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