Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas and plasma). The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas. The atoms in a solid are bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice), or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because the molecules in a gas are loosely packed.
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
Stumbled across an old journal a few weeks ago that suggested the equation of state for a solid could be written:
V[P,T] = Vi - (C1)P + (C2)T
with an internal energy:
U[P,T] = (C3)T - (C2)PT
C1, C2, C3 being constants of course.
Does this make logical sense? It seems awfully...
Hi,
I have been searching the web for hours now, and I have had some success, but I have not found everything I am looking for.
The best thing I have found was a similar arrangement in Hibbeler’s Mechanics of Materials (hence the name of the thread). This had a short rod of aluminium in a vice...
We are doing rotational volume in Calculus II right now. I know the basic rules for the disk, washer, and shell methods, but I'm having trouble getting started with these questions. I'm not sure how to set up the equations. Any sort of help would be great.
Thanks so much!
hello all!
I am new to this forum. I am doing Mechanic of Solid ( summer course). I have come across with this problem , but I don't know how to solve it. I have attached the question. Could anyone help me?
I don't know how to convert from density to force. in this questions
given are...
Homework Statement
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y=2x2-x3 and y=0 about the y-axis
Homework Equations
There no required method (between Disk, Washer, Shell). In my attempt below, I used the Shell method, I believe. 2π(shell radius)(shell...
In my physics textbook, temperature is defined as a measure of the average KE of random translational motion of particles. It also states that temperature does not account for the KE from molecular vibration or molecular rotation. In an earlier chapter, my text describes the motion of atoms in...
Currently my class it calculating volumes of solids by rotating them about some axis, say for instance the function f(x) = x^2 bounded by s = { (x,y) | 0≤x≤1 , 0≤y≤1} and rotating it about the y - axis. I understand the general look of the graph on paper but I can't visualize the actual solid...
Homework Statement
Calculate the total charge embodied in a solid with charge density that decreases linearly with height from a value of λ at the bottom to 0 at the top.
Solve for a rectangular prism and a sphere.
Homework Equations
∫∫∫ρdxdydz
∫∫∫pr^2sinθdrdθd∅
The Attempt at a Solution...
Problem
The area between y=x^{-2} and x=1 & y=e is rotating around the y-axis. What is the volume?
Attempt
\pi\left( r_{outer\mbox{}} \right)^{2}\; -\; \pi \left( r_{inner\mbox{}} \right)^{2} \; \; \; \delta y.
\frac{1}{x^{2}}=y\; gives\; \frac{1}{y}=x^{2}\; and\; r=\sqrt{y}
V=\pi...
We started to learn about chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants a few weeks ago and something has been bugging me. I don't understand why solids and liquids are not included in the equilibrium constants for some reactions.
Here's a hypothetical situation with the following reaction...
2 Questions here! (I'm not exactly sure if it's allowed, but I want to avoid posting too many threads)
Homework Statement
1)Find the following definite integrals by using a trigonometric substitution:
d)1/2∫1dx/(√(2x-x2)
Homework Equations
x=asinu
The Attempt at a Solution
From...
Homework Statement
So I am designing the suspension for a small formula car. It's a pushrod suspension much like what is shown below:
[PLAIN]http://f1-dictionary.110mb.com/Images/pullrod_poshrod_push.gif
I am trying to find the required tubing diameter for the loads the car will experience...
Hi friends,
I need the average speed of sound in some common solids, such as Si, Cu and Al, over temperature ranges from 100K to 500K.
After 5 hours of surveying acoustic and physical properties handbooks and googling the web, what I find is almost nothing.
Does anybody know a...
Homework Statement
Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution formed when you rotate region R, delimited by f(x) = x^2 from x = 0 to x = 3, around:
a)the x axis
b) the y axis
The Attempt at a Solution
I solved it using the disc method.
a) dV = pi * x^4 * dx. thus V = (pi*...
Volume Of solids question help!
Homework Statement
i) find the area enclosed by the curves y=x^1/2 and y=x^4
ii)find the volume of the solid when the area in part (i) is rotated about the the line x=2
Homework Equations
V=PI*y^2dx
The Attempt at a Solution
wel the area is simple...
A solid has a circular base of radius 2. Each cross section cut by a plane perpendicular to a fixed diameter is an equilateral triangle. Compute the volume of the solid.
First, we find a way to define a the distance of a chord of the circle perpendicular to the fixed diameter. The equation...
Do solids expand in low preasure?
I was wondering about the volume of solid material under constant temperature, but variable preasure... What is the difference in the volume of an Iron crystal between 1atm & vacuum for example?
Do solids expand in low preasures? if yes, how much? Are there...
Homework Statement
In the question your working with the region bounded by the two curves y=x^2 and y=x^3.
In the first part of the question you had to revolve the region around the x-axis and find the area which I managed to do by subtracting two areas from each other.
The second part of...
Homework Statement
In Problems 1-5, let R be the region bounded by y√x =, y = 1, and x = 4. Each problem will describe a solid generated by rotating R about an axis. Write an integral expression that can be used to find the volume of the solid (do not evaluate).
I only need help with problem...
Homework Statement
In Problems 11-15, let R be the region bounded by the lines y = −2x – 4, y = 6, and x = −2. Each problem will describe a solid generated by rotating R about an axis. Find the volume of that solid.
14) The solid is generated by rotating R about y = −3.The Attempt at a...
Homework Statement
Here is the problem :
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded between the following functions rotates along the y=4 line.
Functions: y=x^3 y=4x
Homework Equations
Functions...
Homework Statement
List the solids in order of increasing polarity.
NaCl,C10H8, C6H5COOH, NH2CONH2.
Homework Equations
N/A
The Attempt at a Solution
C10H8, C6H5COOH, NH2CONH2, NaCl. My rationale is that the longer the carbon skeleton the least polar.
Homework Statement
I'm trying to find the volume of a Polar shape with semi-circular cross sections. Since it is a polar graph, does that mean the cross sections are to be swept across the graph from 0 to 2π in triangular sections?
I'm aiming to create one side of a three...
Homework Statement
In Problems 1-5, let R be the region bounded by y = x^2 + 3, y = 2x, x = 0, and x = 4. Each problem will describe the cross sections of a solid that are perpendicular to the x-axis. Write an integral expression that can be used to find the volume of the solid (do not...
im pretty sure i know the answer but want to be sure.
if you have a reaction such as :
A(g) + B(g) --> C(g) + D(s)
and you increase the concentration of A, the reaction will shift to the right.
and i know the concentration of B will decrease and C will increase.
but what about D. I am...
Homework Statement
Consider a system of 2 large, identical Einstein solids. Each solid has N=10^23 oscillators, and the total energy units in the combined system is 2N.
a) Assuming that all of the microstates are allowed, compute the entropy of this system. This is the entropy over long time...
So I'm doing a presentation soon discussing the horribly inaccurate physics of the movie "The Core", and in particular how they were able to maintain radio contact to people on the Earth's surface from within the center of Earth.
This is obviously simply not possible as radio waves do not...
Why are the concentrations of solids not incorporated into the equilibrium expression? All the books say it's because the "concentration of a pure solid is constant", but that doesn't make sense to me... If the solid is dissociating to produce a given product, why doesn't the concentration...
Hello I need help for this problem, it has been 4 hours trying to do it
Homework Statement
Find the volume of the region of space above the xy-plane, inside the cone z=7−\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} and inside the cylinder x^{2}+y^{2}=4x.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I...
dear all,
I don't quite get the difference between a metal, a semi metal and a semiconductor with zero gap.
So far I thought that e metal was a material with a zero gap, that does not seem to me right.
Can someone provide me a little explanation?
Thanks,
Eric.
Homework Statement
Use the method of cylindrical shells to nd the volume of the solid obtained by rotating
the region bounded by the curves y = x4, y = 1, x = 0 about the y-axis. Sketch the region and a typical shell
The Attempt at a Solution
I am just going to set it up, but I am not going...
I was wondering - when pressure is applied to solids, do they heat up? Not pressure like an impact - I'm not talking about conversion of kinetic energy. But suppose a piece of iron is put in a hydraulic press and the pressure increases slowly. More specifically, I'm wondering about the rocks...
I've got several thoughts, but none of them is complete.
A general explanation is that when a few atoms form a structure with lowest energy, then when the interfacial energy is low, these independent small groups of particles tend to gather together and form periodic structure.
But why are...
Homework Statement
A steel balk has a length of 50.485 m at the temperature of 5.0 oC.
Homework Equations
What would be the length of the balk at the temperature of -22 oC, when the coefficient of linear expansion (α ) is 0.000012 / oC?
The Attempt at a Solution
50.469m?
I know, theoretically ultrasound has no upper limit (everything above 20kHz).. However, I was wondering whether on a practical note a maximum exists? I read somewhere that frequencies of the order 10^12 Hz were reached. Would a maximum frequency be based on the mean free path between the...
I have a serious doubt about the concept of band theory of solids.
While explaining the behaviour of semi conductors, the following explanation is given.
"The valency bands are completely filled electron-bands, where as the conduction band is usually empty. The conduction takes place when a...
Homework Statement
This is the worksheet:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9jyqtuswY1AJ:www.chemmybear.com/groves/apch13_imfans.doc+ap+chem+pasadena+imf%27s&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a
Homework Equations
None, as far as I know
The Attempt at a...
Hello everyone,
I have two questions about the Debye model (one historical and the other theoretical).
1. Debye models oscilators as standing waves. Where did his idea come from? Is there any physical reason to suppose this? I guess he didn't compute 1000 models just to see that this one...
Homework Statement
The wastewater treatment plant operates anaerobic digesters that have a total volume of 824,000 gallons. The average flow rate of sludges into the digester is 11.3 gpm(gallons per minute). The total solids concentration of the sludge is about 2%, and of that 70% is...
When a block of mass M is suspended by a long wire of length L, the elastic potential energy stored is given by 1/2 x Mg x l, where l is the elongation produced.
The loss in gravitational potential energy of the mass-earth system is Mgl. I wonder where does the other Mgl/2 go?
From what I know, a liquid is H2O and its atoms are moving constantly. But when it freezes it atoms start to slow down and the liquid is a solid. So the question is there any other way to turn a liquid into a solid?
Homework Statement
Why don't we take into consideration the concentration of pure solids and pure liquids in equilibrium constant expression?
I read that their concentration per unit volume does not change.
If the concentrations (moles per litre) don't change then it won't undergo any...
Why is it that gamma and radio waves can pass through some solids so easily compared to visible light? I understand that the wavelengths are different than visible light, but why does that effect things?
Do they simply not interact with anything in the material? Or, if they do, what to...
The problem reads(from Stewart Calculus Concepts and Contexts 4th edition, Ch.6 section 2 pg. 447 #45
a)Set up an integral for the volume of a solid torus(the donut-shaped solid shown in the figure) with radii r and R
b)By interpreting the integral as an area, find the volume of the torus...