The quantum Hall effect is a phenomenon in condensed matter physics where a two-dimensional electron gas subjected to a strong magnetic field exhibits quantized Hall resistance at certain values. This effect was first discovered in 1980 by Klaus von Klitzing, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work.
The quantum Hall effect is a fundamental property of condensed matter systems, specifically those with strong magnetic fields and low temperatures. It is an important area of study in condensed matter physics as it provides insight into the behavior of electrons in materials and has potential applications in quantum computing and metrology.
The quantum Hall effect is a macroscopic phenomenon as it can be observed on a large scale in condensed matter systems. However, it is rooted in the microscopic behavior of electrons and their interactions with magnetic fields, making it a key area of study in the field of condensed matter physics.
The quantum Hall effect can occur in any material that meets the necessary conditions, such as a strong magnetic field and low temperatures. However, it is most commonly observed in materials with high electron mobility, such as semiconductors and graphene.
The quantum Hall effect is typically measured by applying a strong magnetic field to a two-dimensional electron gas and measuring the Hall voltage and current. The quantized Hall resistance can then be calculated using Ohm's law, and the results can be plotted on a graph known as the Hall resistance vs. magnetic field curve.