Mummified 16th century child remains reveals HBV

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In summary, the small holes covering the child's face were at first thought to be smallpox. However, when the child was examined more closely, it was found that the holes were not smallpox, but rather they were from a virus that is currently known as hepatitis B. Analysis of the virus revealed that it is from an ancient lineage, and that it is closely related to contemporary HBV strains. This study has important implications for our understanding of the emergence and evolution of this common viral pathogen.
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The small holes covering the child's face were at first thought to be small pox. The entire paper is available.

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a ubiquitous viral pathogen associated with large-scale morbidity and mortality in humans. However, there is considerable uncertainty over the time-scale of its origin and evolution. Initial shotgun data from a mid-16th century Italian child mummy, that was previously paleopathologically identified as having been infected with Variola virus (VARV, the agent of smallpox), showed no DNA reads for VARV yet did for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Previously, electron microscopy provided evidence for the presence of VARV in this sample, although similar analyses conducted here did not reveal any VARV particles. We attempted to enrich and sequence for both VARV and HBV DNA. Although we did not recover any reads identified as VARV, we were successful in reconstructing an HBV genome at 163.8X coverage. Strikingly, both the HBV sequence and that of the associated host mitochondrial DNA displayed a nearly identical cytosine deamination pattern near the termini of DNA fragments, characteristic of an ancient origin. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between the putative ancient virus and contemporary HBV strains (of genotype D), at first suggesting contamination. In addressing this paradox we demonstrate that HBV evolution is characterized by a marked lack of temporal structure. This confounds attempts to use molecular clock-based methods to date the origin of this virus over the time-frame sampled so far, and means that phylogenetic measures alone cannot yet be used to determine HBV sequence authenticity. If genuine, this phylogenetic pattern indicates that the genotypes of HBV diversified long before the 16th century, and enables comparison of potential pathogenic similarities between modern and ancient HBV. These results have important implications for our understanding of the emergence and evolution of this common viral pathogen.

http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006750
 
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It's amazing when they discover that what we thought killed so many in the past was, in fact, something else that is around today. Veritaseum did a video on mosquito attraction and the researcher he interviewed said that the mosquito is the most dangerous animal on the planet having killed nearly 1/2 of humanity over history with its pathogens.
 
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'Rats, Lice, and History' by Hans Zinsser circa 1935
'Guns, Germs and Steel' by Jared Diamond

In the context of what Diamond did to explain how Plant and Animal Geography affected the modern world, Zinsser started the dialog on disease and history. He postulated correctly that most deaths during war time were from pathogens, not warfare wounds per se, mostly vectored by arthropods - Insects and friends.
 
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Even in the modern world, mosquitoes kill more people any other animal (including humans):
chartoftheday_2203_The_Worlds_Deadliest_Animals__n.jpg

https://www.statista.com/chart/2203/the-worlds-deadliest-animals/
 

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1. What is HBV and how does it relate to the mummified 16th century child remains?

HBV stands for hepatitis B virus, which is a virus that can cause liver disease. The mummified 16th century child remains were found to have traces of the virus, suggesting that the child was infected with HBV during their lifetime.

2. How were the mummified remains discovered?

The mummified remains were discovered in a crypt underneath a church in Lucca, Italy. The crypt contained several coffins, one of which contained the mummified remains of a child.

3. How were scientists able to determine that the child had HBV?

Scientists used advanced DNA sequencing techniques to extract genetic material from the mummified remains and compare it to known HBV sequences. They found a 99.7% match, indicating that the child had been infected with HBV.

4. Why is the discovery of HBV in the mummified remains significant?

This discovery provides evidence that HBV has been infecting humans for centuries and may have been a common disease in ancient times. It also sheds light on the evolution and spread of the virus, which can help in developing treatments and prevention methods.

5. What other information can be learned from the mummified remains besides the presence of HBV?

The mummified remains can also provide insight into the living conditions and health of people during the 16th century. Scientists can analyze the bones, tissues, and DNA for other diseases and genetic traits, as well as investigate the cultural and historical context of the era.

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