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Sat. stands for saturated, which refers to the state of a substance when it is in equilibrium between its liquid and gas phases at a specific temperature and pressure.
"Sat." is closely related to the terms "vapor" and "liquid," as it describes the state of a substance at the point where it transitions between these two phases.
Knowing that a substance is at its saturated state allows us to determine its specific volume, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy, which are all important properties in thermodynamics.
The concept of saturation is used in various thermodynamic equations and calculations, such as determining the heat transfer during phase change or calculating the efficiency of a heat engine.
Yes, a substance can exist in states other than saturated in thermodynamics. For example, a substance can be superheated, meaning it is in a gaseous state above its boiling point, or it can be subcooled, meaning it is in a liquid state below its freezing point.