Statistics pertaining to thermodyanmics

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Thermodynamics asserts that a closed system cannot increase in complexity without external input, as it would then be classified as an open system. The discussion highlights the ambiguity of "complexity" and questions whether a closed system could randomly become more complex, using the example of a tornado forming a functioning aircraft from junk. It is suggested that, on average, closed systems do not increase in complexity. The conversation also touches on the law of entropy, emphasizing that isolated systems evolve towards maximum entropy and equilibrium. Understanding entropy and its measures, such as Kolmogorov Complexity, is crucial for a more precise analysis of these concepts.
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Thermodynamics states that a system cannot become more complex without some sort of input (which would make it an open system). In other words, a closed system cannot increase in complexity.

I understand that complexity is a very ill-defined term. However, at least in principal, couldn't a closed system by chance become more complex without external energy? (ie: a tornado goes through a junkyard and actually goes leave a functioning aircraft in its wake)

This being said, would it be more fair to say that on average, a closed system will not increase in complexity?
 
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Thermodynamics states that a system cannot become more complex without some sort of input
Not to my knowledge ... where did you get this idea from?

Perhaps you are thinking of the law of entropy?
 
Following from what Simon Bridge said, you will need to specify the entropy measure and its corresponding distribution to specifically outline what kind of entropy (and thus information) measure you are looking at.

You also might want to look at Kolmogorov Complexity if you want to make your analysis more specific.
 
Simon Bridge said:
Not to my knowledge ... where did you get this idea from?

Perhaps you are thinking of the law of entropy?

Sorry, I guess I am! "The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is the state of maximum entropy."
 
I was reading a Bachelor thesis on Peano Arithmetic (PA). PA has the following axioms (not including the induction schema): $$\begin{align} & (A1) ~~~~ \forall x \neg (x + 1 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A2) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + 1 =y + 1 \to x = y) \nonumber \\ & (A3) ~~~~ \forall x (x + 0 = x) \nonumber \\ & (A4) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + (y +1) = (x + y ) + 1) \nonumber \\ & (A5) ~~~~ \forall x (x \cdot 0 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A6) ~~~~ \forall xy (x \cdot (y + 1) = (x \cdot y) + x) \nonumber...
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