Density operator Definition and 39 Threads

A doubt related to the use of density matrix associated to a density operator ##\rho##. A quantum pure state ##\ket {\psi}## can be written as density operator as ##\ket{\psi} \bra{\psi}##. In this link the density matrix ##\rho## for the pure state ##\ket {\psi} =(\ket{\psi_1} +...

I'm reading "Lecture Notes on Electron Correlation and Magnetism" by P. Fazekas, and I came across a question regarding the form of the Heisenberg term in the t-J model. In Chapter 5.1.4, the t-J model is written where there is an additional density-density term in the exchange interaction...

Concerning statistical ensemble interpretation (SEI), a lot of confusion has been created and lot of nonsense has been said, especially in a recent thread on "missed opportunities in Bohmian mechanics". Even Ballentine himself said many things about it that do not always seem perfectly clear and...

Hello, I am going over the derivation for two-electron density. I am having a hard time understanding how the second term in 2.11a seen below is derived. I know this term must eliminate the i=j products but can't seem to understand how. Thanks for the help.

Quantum states are most often described by the wavefunction ,##\Psi##. Variable ,##\Psi(x_1x_2\dots x_n) \Psi^*(x_1x_2\dots x_n)## defines probability density function of the system. Quantum states can also be described by the density matrices (operators). For a pure state, density matrix is...

I am looking for a way to compare the handling of probability in QT with how it's done in classic PT (probability theory) - and their interpretations. QT does have it's own formalism that works, so there isn't much motivation to bring it into a usual representation which makes it hard to find...

Hi. Suppose I have a state ##\left | \psi (0)\right >=\sum_m C_m \left | m\right >## evolving as $$\left | \psi (0+dz)\right>=\left | \psi (0)\right >+dz \sum_iD_i\left | i\right >=\sum_m C_m \left | m\right >+dz \sum_iD_i\left | i\right >=\sum_m( C_m+dz D_m)\left |m\right >.$$ Then the density...

I am studying two level atoms interacting with fields in order to study Dicke Superradiance. From Loudon's book, the Optical Bloch Equations for a two level atom interacting with a field say (with rotating wave approx): $$\frac{d\rho_{22}}{dt}=- \frac{d\rho_{11}}{dt} = -\frac{1}{2}...

Suppose that a particle evolves from point A to point B. The state of the particle can be written as $$\rho=\sum \left | m\right >\rho_{mn}\left< n\right | .$$ Because the basis is evolving as the particle travels, I am considering applying the Heisenberg picture to the density operator. Let...

Hello, I found this article. In equation (1) the authors wrote that the current operator is given by : ## - \frac{\delta H}{\delta A} ##. I just would like to know if this relation is a just definition or if it can be derived from more fundamentals considerations ? Thanks !

I feel like I'm going around in circles trying to do something with the expression ## tr( \rho *log(\rho)) ##. I thought about a Taylor expansion, but I don't think there's a useful one here because of the logarithm. We learned the Jacobi's formula in class, but I don't think I want a derivative...

Definition 1 The von Neumann entropy of a density matrix is given by $$S(\rho) := - Tr[\rho ln \rho] = H[\lambda (\rho)] $$ where ##H[\lambda (\rho)]## is the Shannon entropy of the set of probabilities ##\lambda (\rho)## (which are eigenvalues of the density operator ##\rho##). Definition 2 If...

Hey all! I am prepping myself for a quantum course next semester at the graduate level. I am currently reading through the Cohen-Tannoudji Quantum Mechanics textbook. I have reached a section on the density operator and am confused about the general concept of the operator. My confusion stems...

I'm having a little bit of trouble getting my head around the idea of the reduced density operator being used to tell us about the entanglement of a state. I understand that if you take the reduced density operator of any of the Bell states, you get a reduced density operator proportional to...

Homework Statement Write the density operator $$\rho=\frac{1}{3}|u><u|+\frac{2}{3}|v><v|+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}(|u><v|+|v><u|, \quad where <u|v>=0$$ In matrix form Homework Equations $$\rho=\sum_i p_i |\psi><\psi|$$ The Attempt at a Solution [/B] The two first factors ##\frac{1}{3}|u><u|##...

What are the coordinates on the 3D Bloch ball of a qubit's mixed state of the form: ##\rho=p_{00}|0\rangle \langle 0|+p_{01}|0\rangle \langle 1|+p_{10}|1\rangle \langle 0|+p_{11}|1\rangle \langle 1|##

Hello, I'm trying to understand how to calculate de probability of finding a system in a specific eigenstate using the density operator. In the book of Balian, Haar, Gregg I've found a good definition of it being the expectation value of the projector Pr in the orientation of the eingenstate...

For a state |\Psi(t)\rangle = \sum_{k}c_k e^{-iE_kt/\hbar}|E_k\rangle , the density matrix elements in the energy basis are \rho_{ab}(t) = c_a c^*_be^{-it(E_a -E_b)/\hbar} How is it that in the long time limit, this reduces to \rho_{ab}(t) \approx |c_a|^2 \delta_{ab} ? Is there some...

Hi All, I have spent hours trying to understand the matrix form of Density Operator. But, I fail. Please see page 2 of the attached file. (from the book "Quantum Mechanics - The Theoretical Minimum" page 199). Most appreciated if someone could enlighten me this. Many thanks in advance. Peter Yu

a In the formula above, on the left hand side, ρ(0) is a system's density operator in its initial state. a is the annihilator operator of the system, and a+ is the create operator of the system. ρss is the system's density operator in its steady state. But I don't understand why this formula...

Ref: R.K Pathria Statistical mechanics (third edition sec 5.2A) First it is argued that the density matrix for microcanonical will be diagonal with all diagonal elements equal in the energy representation. Then it is said that this general form should remain the same in all representations. i.e...

Is there a current density operator or something equivalent? If so, how does it relate to other operators like momentum and angular momentum? Basically, the classical picture of a magnetic moment is a little loop of current, I would like to understand the quantum analog.

There is something I do not understand. One way to define the current density operator is through the particle density operator Ï(r). From the fundamental interpretation of the wavefunction we have: Ï(r)= lψ(r)l2 But my book takes this a step further by rewriting the equality above...

Homework Statement What is the density operator (statistical operator) of a system about which nothing is known? Homework Equations \hat{\rho} = \sum p_{i} |i\rangle\langle i| The Attempt at a Solution If nothing is known about a system we must assume something in order to make...

I have the following situation: About the polarization of the photon, I introduce the basis: Horizontal polarization $|\leftrightarrow>=\binom{1}{0}$ Vertical polarization $|\updownarrow>=\binom{0}{1}$ The density matrix in this problem is: $$\rho =\frac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1+\xi...

Hey, I recently had an exam where the quantum state were on the form |\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} ( |+\rangle + i |-\rangle ) Here I formed the density operator for the pure state \rho(t) = |\psi\rangle \langle \psi| = \frac{1}{2} ( |+\rangle + i |-\rangle )( \langle +| - i \langle...

Hello Everybody, I am working through Pathria's statistical mechanics book; on page 114 I found the following definition for the density operator: \rho_{mn}= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{N}\left \{ a(t)^{k}_m a(t)^{k*}_n \right \}, where N is the number of systems in the ensemble and the...

Homework Statement I want to show that tr\left(\hat{\rho}_{mixed}\right)=1 tr\left(\hat{\rho}_{mixed}^{2}\right)<1 when \hat{\rho}_{mixed}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}d \alpha \hat{\rho}(\psi) Homework Equations tr\left(\psi\right)= \sum_{n}\langle n|\psi|n\rangle...

Hey guys, maybe you can help me with the following problem. I have to calculate the commutator relations in position representation: a) [V,ρ] b) [p,ρ] c) [p^2,ρ] Note that <q'|ρ|q>=ρ(q',q) is a matrix element of the density operator I already solved the first one. You just have to...

I've got this problem about a harmonic oscillator with energy eigenstates |n>, which is prepared in the state |\psi> = \frac{1}{cosh r}\sum_n tanh^nr|n\rangle where r is any real number and the sum is from n=0 to infinity. I'm asked to calculate the entropy S(\rho) = -Tr(\rho ln\rho) if...

I'm confused about the two density operators: \rho=\sum_{i}\delta(r-r_{i}) and \rho=\sum_{i}|\psi_{i}>\rho_{ii}<\psi_{i}| Is there anyone explaining this question to me? Thanks very much.

Homework Statement I have been given a problem. The density matrix can be constructed if the ensemble average of Sx, Sy and Sz are given. But I have no idea on how to construct the density matrix from these Si's. Any help is most welcome. Homework Equations Ensemble...

hi, usually the density operator for the microcanonical ensemble is given by \rho = \sum_n p_n|n><n| where |n> are energy eigenstates and p_n is the probability that our system is in this state. p_n = const. if the energy corresponding to |n> is in the energy inteval (E,E+∆E)...

Hello all! I hope some of you are more proficient in juggling with bra-kets... I am wondering if/when the density operator commutes with other operators, especially with unitaries and observables. 1. My guess is, that it commutes with unitaries, but I am not sure if my thinking is correct...

Hi there, In all text of QM I have, they tells that the density operator is hermitian. But without considering the math, from the physics base, why density operator must be hermitian? What's the physical significane of the eigenvalue of density matrix? Thanks

Assume there is a two level system, two eigenstates are written as |\psi_1\rangle = \cos\theta |1, g\rangle + \sin\theta |0, e\rangle and |\psi_2\rangle = -\sin\theta |1, g\rangle + \cos\theta |0, e\rangle For the density operator of the system is written as \rho =...

In quantum harmonic oscillator, we define the so called number operator as \hat{N} = \hat{a}^\dagger\hat{a} Apply \hat{N} to the state with n number of particles, it gives \hat{N}|n\rangle = n |n\rangle so \langle n| \hat{N}|n\rangle = \langle n| n |n\rangle = n But in other...

so I've been reading about the density operator formulation of quantum mechanics and I have some questions what is the density operator analog of the schrodinger equation that determines the time evolution? and how do you perform a projection measurement on a quantum system in the density...

We are given that 2 systems can only be found in the states |00\rangle, |01\rangle, |10\rangle, |11\rangle. We are also given that the density operator is \rho=\frac{1}{2}\left(|00\rangle \langle 00|+|11\rangle \langle 00|+|00\rangle \langle 11|+|11\rangle \langle 11|\right). a)Write the...