Group Definition and 1000 Threads

Definition. Let ##F## be a field and ##G## be a group. An ##FG##-module is a finite-dimensional vector space ##V## on which ##G## acts (from the right: ##V \times G \to V, (v,g)\mapsto v\cdot g##) such that the next conditions hold: 1) ##(v \cdot g)\cdot h = v \cdot (g \cdot h)## 2) ##v \cdot e...

I was wondering, consider the group SU(5) and I break it down to SU(3) x SU(2). To break it, I have taken some choice of roots. But is the choice unique, or by selecting some roots have I left some other SU(3) that could also exist? If so, is there a way to see the remnants? Not sure how...

In matrix representation, the special unitary group is distinguished from the more general unitary group by the sign of the matrix determinant. However, this presupposes that the special unitary group is formulated in matrix representation. For a unitary group action NOT formulated in matrix...

Hello! I would like to be sure about my understanding of the definition provided in screenshot below 1. What is this ##\mathcal{E}(G,N)##? I know that not all extension are isomorphic so I wonder What are the elements of ##\mathcal{E}## groups? Or maybe all Es diffeomorphic to each other...

Can someone share a paper or chapter from a textbook if they know a good one? I'm curious to see the explicit form of these matrices. In position space, the generators of boosts act on the rapidity, which can be related to velocity in X. Assuming the generators of boosts in K act on rapidity in...

In the 1975 Wu–Yang paper on electromagnetism=fiber bundle theory Table 1: https://journals.aps.org/prd/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevD.12.3845 Wu & Yang use the notation ##\mathrm{U}_1(1)## for the bundle of electromagnetism and ##\mathrm{SU}_2## for the isospin gauge field. I am unfamiliar with this...

Let #F# be a field and consider the projective space of dimension #n# over it with added the point #0#. It seems to me that there is a valid definition of multiplication by just entrywise multiplicating the elements. Of course both can be multiplied by #x \in F# but that goes for the product as...

What is the way to compute ##\pi_1(PGL_2(R))##? Is it related to defining an action of ##PGL_2(R)## on ##S^3##? it would be helpful if you can provide me with relevant information regarding this

TL;DR Summary: Chance of picking 2 named people when randomly choosing 3 from a group of 30. For my daughter's homework question: There is a group of 12 girls and 18 boys. Two of them are twins (girl and boy). If I select three at random, what is the chance that the twins will be chosen? I...

This is the defining generator of the Lorentz group which is then divided into subgroups for rotations and boosts And I then want to find the commutation relation [J_m, J_n] (and [J_m, K_n] ). I'm following this derivation, but am having a hard time to understand all the steps: especially...

I do not understand why ##(Z.+)## is the cyclic group? What is a generator of ##(Z,+)##? If I take ##<1>## I will get all positive integers. If I take ##<-1>## I will get all negative integers. I should have one element which generates the whole group. What element is this?

I created a YouTube channel (here's the link) a few months ago in which I post detailed lectures in higher mathematics. I just finished my Group Theory Course. Here is a sample video. Apart from that, so far I have uploaded A first course on Linear Algebra (which I am currently renovating). A...

Good Morning! I know that Rotation matrices are members of the SO(3) group. I can prove some useful properties about it: The inverse is the transpose; Closure properties; However, what is the advantage of asserting that a rotation matrix is a member of the SO(3) group, when all I really need...

So, a friend of mine has attempted a solution. Unfortunately, he's having numbers spawn out of nowhere and a lot of stuff is going on there which I can't make sense of. I'm going to write down the entire attempt. $$ 0 \in X \; \text{otherwise no subgroup since neutral element isn't included}...

The carbon rings in the upper-middle of this page https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/react3.htm such as corannulene or coronene possess symmetries. But, they are not the typical dihedral arrangements of points, like a single hexagon or single pentagon or single equilateral...

I don't understand why the identity is mentioned in the group's definition and how I am supposed to incorporate it into the table. I honestly have missed some lectures on Linear Algebra, and I can't find any examples or definitions for this in the prof's notes. I'd appreciate some help for sure...

A group can be defined by the following three properties. (Source: wikipedia) Is there any example of an operation that fails the associativity test, but meets the other two tests? I'll refer to this hypothetical entity as an almost-group for the purposes of this post lacking any knowledge...

What exactly is a signal in wave physics? Is any wave considered a signal? Like, consider a superposition of harmonic plane waves, is the signals it carries considered the envelope(that travels at the group velocity) or the individual rippes that travel at a the phase velocity?

Hi As high school teacher, I sometimes have those extremely talanted and self driven pupils. In their final year, they are required to make a science or math project, roughly one month full-time studies, approx 15-20 pages report. This academic year, one of my students have learned some group...

What is the field of study called that classifies homomophisms of groups?

hello everyone! Recently,i'm reading a paper about slow light,that's really a famous work published in Nature.[Light speed reduction to 17 metrespersecond in an ultracold atomicgas]. But I'm trouble with some calculation about the velocity of slow light.here are below: i try to use the...

How does the Milky Way galaxy move in the local Group? Is there a circular motion around the center of the local Group like the sun moves around the center of the galaxy?

What does mean spinel structure has F d3m space group? I know F is for face centred cubic, 3 is 3-fold symmetry and m is mirror, but I don't know what means "d"?

Hi, I saw that the group velocity for an electromagnetic wave can be calculate with the following formula ##v_g = v_p + k \frac{d v_p}{dk}## Thus, since ##v_p = \frac{c}{n} = \frac{\omega}{k}## Is it correct to say that ##v_g = \frac{c}{n} + k(- \frac{\omega}{k^2})## where ##k =...

We have commutation relation ##[J_j,J_k]=i \epsilon_{jkl}J_l## satisfied for ##2x2##, ##3x3##, ##4x4## matrices. Are in all dimensions these matrices generate ##SO(3)## group? I am confused because I think that maybe for ##4x4## matrices they will generate ##SO(4)## group. For instance for...

I apologize for the simple question, but it has been bothering me. One can write a relationship between groups, such as for example between Spin##(n)## and SO##(n)## as follows: \begin{equation} 1 \rightarrow \{-1,+1 \} \rightarrow \text{Spin}(n) \rightarrow \text{SO}(n) \rightarrow 1...

Sorry if it didnt belong. its not at calculus or linear algebra.

As the summary says we have ## f(x) = x^n - \theta \in \mathbb{Q}[x] ##. We will call the pth primitive root ## \omega ## and we denote ##[\mathbb{Q}(\omega) : \mathbb{Q}] = j##. We want to show that the Galois group is generated by ##\sigma, \tau## such that $$ \sigma^j = \tau^p = 1...

Every rotation in O(n) seems like it should map to spin(n) even if some rotations are not continuously connected to the identity.

The full Lorentz group includes discontinuous transformations, i.e., time inversion and space inversion, which characterize the non-orthochronous and improper Lorentz groups, respectively. However, these groups are excluded from the Poincare group, in which only the proper, orthochronous...

Hello! I'm a physics graduate who is interested to work in Mathematical Physics. I haven't taken any specialized maths courses in undergrad, and currently I have some time to self-learn. I have finished studying Real Analysis from "Understanding Analysis - Stephen Abbott" and I'm currently...

I'd like to clarify a few things; the approach is basically just to show that ##\mathrm{GL}(n,\mathbf{C})## is isomorphic to a subgroup of ##\mathrm{GL}(2n,\mathbf{R})## which is a smooth manifold (since ##\mathbf{R} \setminus \{0\}## is an open subset of ##\mathbf{R}##, so its pre-image...

Hello, I would like help to clarify what det( {\delta \over \delta J}) W(J) (equation 15.79) actually means, and why it returns a number (and not a matrix). This comes from the following problem statement (Kaku, Quantum Field Theory, a Modern Introduction) Naively, one would define det...

Hello, there. Consider a Lie group operating in a space with points ##X^\iota##. Its elements ##\gamma [ N^i]## are labeled by continuous parameters ##N^i##. Let the action of the group on the space be ##\gamma [N^i] X^\iota=\bar X^\iota (X^\kappa, N^i)##. Then the infinitesimal transformation...

Quick question: do the group axioms imply that the group operator is bijective? More in general, does associativity imply bijectivity in general? I can think about a subgroup of S3 that only operates on 2 elements, but it is really isomorphic to S2. But is there some concept or term for a...

I'm writing some notes for myself (to read in my rapidly approaching declining years) and I'm wondering if this statement is correct. I"m not sure I am posting this question in the right place. "Summary: The matrix representations of isometric (distance-preserving) subgroups of the general...

Determine the order of every element of Z24

So before I start I technically do now that the group I am dealing with is just a representation of the Klein bottle but I am not supposed to use that as a fact because the goal of the problem is to derive that information. Problem: Let G be a group of with two generators a and b such that aba...

I am interested to see if anyone knows the easiest way to mono-esterify a mono-phosphate salt group to a carboxylic acid. How to facilitate the resultant -> product ? CH3COOH + NaH2PO4 ‐> C2H4NaO5P + H20

Let ##G\leq GL(n)## be a linear algebraic group of dimension ##m,## and ##C## its ##c##-dimensional center. What do we know about lower and upper bounds of ##c=c(m)\,\text{?}## Clearly ##c(0)=0, c(1)=1## and ##n^2\geq c(m)\geq 1## for ##m\neq 0.## By Schur's Lemma we also know ##c(n^2)=1##. Did...

I've heard that there is some link between these two values (they're so close!) but I can't seem to find it anywhere. Can someone point me in the right direction? (there's also the J-invariant 196884, well you get the idea)

I know that studying QFT requires understanding Lie Groups and infinitesimal generators as they correspond to symmetry transformations. I want to study or take a course (offered by my university) in QFT in the coming academic year and I have the option to take a abstract algebra course offered...

Is this a coincidence?

Hi, I was looking at this derivation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivations_of_the_Lorentz_transformations#From_group_postulates and I was wondering 1- where does the group structure come from? The principle of relativity? or viceversa? or what? 2- why only linear transformations? I remember...

Of course it must be an infinite group, otherwise |G/N|=|G|/|N| and then {e} is the only ( and trivial) solution. I understand there is a result that for every quotient Q:=G/N there is a subgroup H that is isomorphic to Q. Is that the case?

Closure Let a,b ∈U(n). a has no common factor with n (other than 1) b has no common factor with n(,,) So, If ab < n, then ab doesn't have any common factors with n. If ab>n, then for some p,ab-pn < n. Since ab doesn't have any common factor with n, ab-pn can't either. (ab≠ n, because neither a...

$$\tau _{01} = 10 \tau _{01}$$ If I calculate ##\frac{\tau_{p1}}{\tau_{p1}}## and set z=d=1cm I do not know how to continue from there as I can't solve the equation without knowledge of τ0 for D. $$\frac{\tau_{p1}}{\tau_{p1}} = \frac{\tau_{02} \cdot 10}{\tau_{02}} \sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{d^2 \cdot 4...

* s t u v s s? v? u v? t t v u u? v v? Since s*u=u does that mean s is the identity element? Then I know there can't be repeated values in a row or column so I need to us that to somehow fill in the rest of the blank spaces?

I understand the first one, which indicates that there is a phenyl group in the second carbon of pentane. But where did the 2 in 2-pentylbenzene come from? Shouldn't if it be just pentylbenzene, since there is only one subtitute(pentane) on the benzene? If not, would you explain why? Thank you.

Does mean velocity of particle equal group velocity of wave packet in QM?If they do not equal which of them is classical velocity?