What is Logic: Definition and 998 Discussions

Logic (from Greek: λογική, logikḗ, 'possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative') is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the analysis and appraisal of arguments.There is no universal agreement as to the exact definition or boundaries of logic (see § Rival conceptions). However, the scope of logic (broadly construed) includes:

The classification of arguments.
The systematic analysis of logical forms.
The systematic study of the validity of deductive inferences.
The strength of inductive inferences.
The study of faulty arguments, such as fallacies.
The study of logical paradoxes.
The study of syntax and semantics of formal languages.
The study of the concepts of meaning, denotation and truth.Historically, logic has been studied mainly in philosophy (since Antiquity), mathematics (since mid-19th century), and computer science (since mid-20th century). More recently, logic has also been studied in linguistics and in cognitive science. Overall, logic remains a strongly interdisciplinary area of study.

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  1. pyroclasticsoul

    B Negative times a positive

    Say I have 6 pencils. I want to times this by negative two. Now ignoring the rules that your teacher taught you work this out. 6 pencils negative 2 times. Negative one time would be 0 and another negative times would be -6 right? So 6 x - 2 = -6 according to simple logic. The calculator will say...
  2. M

    I Understanding Absorption Laws (Boolean Algebras)

    I can't understand how absorption law is obtained. I get following steps. ##a∨(a∧𝑏) = (a∧⊤)∨(a∧𝑏)## ##=(a∨a)∧(a∨b)∧(⊤∨a)∧(⊤∨b)## then, I come up with ##=a∧(a∨b)∧⊤∧⊤## so ##=a∧(a∨b)## But, I cannot get ##a∧(⊤∨𝑏)##, as shown on here, therefore ##a##. Can you help me? I cannot obtain...
  3. M

    A What are your insights on The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever?

    Hello! I’m an assistant of a mathematical scientific researcher, and my research programme evolves around finding and developing all the (possible) solutions regarding all unsolved mathematical, logic, exact, and IQ puzzles ever created. If you search on the internet for: “The hardest unsolved...
  4. shivajikobardan

    Studying Programming is coming to me but I forget how I solved the problem...

    I'm surprised that automatically programming is coming to me. It blows my mind. I could not think of any logic in the past months and now I am able to solve puzzles in programming. But the toughest part is I forget how I solved the problem too quickly. For example, the blackjack program. I...
  5. D

    B I have an issue with Cantor's diagonal argument

    I'm pretty bad at maths, got an A at gcse (uk 16 years old)then never went any further, I've been looking into cantors diagonal argument and I thing I found an issue, given how long its been around I'd imagine I'm not the first but couldn't any real number made using the construct by adding 1 to...
  6. V

    Logical Proof: Theorem (Truths of Logic) A iff ~~A

    My thought was to break up the sentence into its equivalent form: (A ->~~A) & (~~A -> A) From there I assumed the premise of both sides to use indirect proofs, so: 1. ~(A -> ~~A) AP 2. ~(~A or ~~A) 1 Implication 3. ~~A & ~~~A 2...
  7. S

    I [(Linear) Temporal Logic] Are the given sentences consistent or not?

    Consider the following set of sentences that represent the requirements of a multi-threaded system for two threads t1 and t2: □¬[(t1 active) ∧ (t2 active)]. □[(t1 active) ⊕ (t2 active)]. □[(t1 active) → O(t2 active)]. □[(t2 active) → O(t1 active)]. (Pretend the O letters are the circles...
  8. S

    Digital logic design using DNA

  9. N

    [Mathematical logic] prenex normal form and skolem normal form

    The attached picture below is the note I solved halfway through. Please tell me the entire process of getting to the correct answer.
  10. V

    Comp Sci Digitial Logic and Binary Counter

    1 000 0 1 000 0 0 001 1 0 001 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 On the left is my input, in the middle is my output and on the right is the decimal. 0 000 0 0 000 0 1 001 1 0 001 1 1 010 2 Here is another example I was studying where the input is 00101 and I...
  11. V

    Comp Sci Digital Logic 8 Bit Full Adder Circuit

    I am unsure of how to approach this problem, we begin with two 8-bit full adders, is the goal to just combine them in some way so that it becomes one entire circuit while also adding NAND and NOR gates where necessary? By the end will we then have 16 1-bit full adders?
  12. Vibhukanishk

    I Rewriting this logic statement

    What to say about this? Is the logic used in the solution supports the statement?
  13. S

    Prove the 2nd axiom of mathematical logic using the Deduction Theorem

    prove: The 2nd axiom of mathematical logic 2) $((P\implies(Q\implies R))\implies((P\implies Q)\implies(P\implies R))$ By using only the deduction theorem
    • solakis1
    • Thread
    • Axiom Logic Mathematical Mathematical logic Theorem
    • Replies: 1
    • Forum: General Math
  14. S

    Use mathematical logic to prove this proposition

    Given the following axioms: 1) ##P\implies(Q\implies P)## 2) ##((P\implies(Q\implies R))\implies((P\implies Q)\implies(P\implies R))## Where ##P,Q,R## are any formulas 3)##(\neg P\implies\neg Q)\implies (Q\implies P)## then prove: ##\{A\implies B,B\implies C\}|- A\implies C## Without using the...
  15. R

    B Vacuously true statements and why false implies truth

    We say that an implication p --> q is vaccuously true if p is false. Since now it's impossible to have p true and q false. That is we can't check anymore whether the contrary, p being true and q being false,can be.Since p being true is non-existent. So we take the implication as true. For eg...
  16. A

    Interpreting logic levels for level translator SN54SLC8T245-SEP

    Hello all, I plan on using SN54SLC8T245-SEP for level shifting of single-ended signals from 1.5 V to 1.8 V, 1.5V to 3.3 V, 1.8 V to 1.5V and 3.3V to 1.5V. First time using level translators for mostly SPI interfaces, so I would like some guidance. I am having difficulties interpreting the logic...
  17. entropy1

    I Logical implication vs physical causality

    There is something I don't understand that I want to ask quantum physics experts here: Suppose the happening of event X results logically speaking in the happening of event A. So we could for instance have the following logical implication ##X.happens \rightarrow A.happens##. If this is...
  18. olgerm

    I Questions about SMT logic solvers

    Are smt-solvers (like z3) theoretically able to (always correctly) check consistency of any 1.-order logic formula? Does it follow from The undecidability of first order logic, that an algorithm, that could check consistency of any 1.-order logic formula, does not exist? How does the algorithm...
  19. WMDhamnekar

    Choice, Chance and Sensible Logic

    Three non-concurrent and non-parallel lines divide an infinite plane in 7 parts. and four non-concurrent and non-parallel lines divide an infinite plane into 10 parts. Is this statement correct? If correct, we can proceed further to answer this question. If incorrect, suggest me the...
  20. shivajikobardan

    MHB Debugging Algorithm Logic: 2 Iterations & Finding Right/Wrong Answers

    https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/J-M_R31KFl76aXCRE4sxzAWI6iAldXG9fMI2k4YRMZo6vZY0w1DPUfV7tLc1w5IsVQX8uUkjgThzROZrbb3bc6kluAEmyiH63Z4BsXKT5Xr7X7mLxOwbR1L0y3ttoLitS6bOnwz- Here is a solution, part of which doesn’t make any sense to me-: ->Why did we select c3,c1 and c3,c2 for 2nd generation...
  21. shivajikobardan

    Comp Sci How to learn resolution in predicate logic?

    This is not really a homework question so don't bother answering them. It is more of a guidance problem. This is what I find the hardest out of all topics.. Unfortunately, this topic is a fixed 10 marks question in our 80 marks exam. Comes every time. The types of questions that I need to deal...
  22. shivajikobardan

    MHB How to learn resolution in predicate logic?

    This is not really a homework question so don't bother answering them. It is more of a guidance problem. This is what I find the hardest out of all topics.. Unfortunately, this topic is a fixed 10 marks question in our 80 marks exam. Comes every time. The types of questions that I need to deal...
  23. shivajikobardan

    Comp Sci Mistake while removing implications in first order predicate logic-:

    As you can see I am not getting correct result. What have I messed up? I want to learn it. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4942120/ Here is full slide in case anyone wants to refer to it.
  24. shivajikobardan

    Comp Sci What I am supposed to write in this question about fuzzy logic?

    There are 2 questions commonly asked(rarely though) in my exams. 1) Explain about mamdani fuzzy inference method with example. 2) explain fuzzy inference with suitable example. Now I am self studying. I have 4 books with me, but none of them have this content. IDK why tho..There are other...
  25. shivajikobardan

    MHB What I am supposed to write in this question about fuzzy logic?

    There are 2 questions commonly asked(rarely though) in my exams. 1) Explain about mamdani fuzzy inference method with example. 2) explain fuzzy inference with suitable example. Now I am self studying. I have 4 books with me, but none of them have this content. IDK why tho..There are other...
  26. elektro2021

    Engineering Simulating this cascoded NMOS logic circuit

    I need help for following exercise from Rabaey - Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective Size and simulate the circuit (IMAGE BELOW) so that it achieves a 100 ps delay (50-50) using 0.25 μm devices, while driving a 100 fF load on both differential outputs. (VDD = 2.5V) Assume A, B and...
  27. PainterGuy

    B Traditional logic and its usefulness in the past

    Hi, I was reading this article, https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2015/11/george-boole-a-200-year-view/, and the following excerpt is taken from it. George Boole came up with his Boolean logic around 1847. I think that it was Claude Shannon who showed that any numerical operation can be...
  28. shivajikobardan

    Python What does this code signify in relation to boolean logic?

    my_age = 10 if my_age >= 100: print("One hundred years old! Very impressive.") elif my_age <= 3: print("Awwww. Just a baby.") else: print("Ah - a very fine age indeed") https://www.fullstackpython.com/blog/python-basic-data-types-booleans.html Article says-:
  29. shivajikobardan

    Python-What does this code signifies in relation to boolean logic?

    my_age = 10 if my_age >= 100: print("One hundred years old! Very impressive.") elif my_age <= 3: print("Awwww. Just a baby.") else: print("Ah - a very fine age indeed") https://www.fullstackpython.com/blog/python-basic-data-types-booleans.html Article says-:
  30. shivajikobardan

    MHB What logic is used to build context free grammar for L= a^m b^n; m>n

    I have the solution but I am unable to decode the solution, how did we come up here? can you tell me that?
  31. shivajikobardan

    Comp Sci How to build logic to make context free grammar?

    I already have the solution. I also have another solution for this-: S->AB A->aA/a B->ab/aBb But my issue is I am memorizing them, I am not understanding how this came up. Please explain the logic building behind this.
  32. Leo Liu

    I [Logic] Order of quantifiers and brackets

    I asked a question in yesterday's lecture about whether we can change the order of quantifiers and move it around in statements involving and, or, & iif. My instructor said no and after the lecture, my fellow student made this post below, intending to demonstrate that the instructor was right...
  33. K

    I Quantum logic spectroscopy in a quadrupole trap

    Hello! I see that most experiments applying quantum computing techniques for high precision spectroscopy use a quadrupole trap. I don't know much about the experimental implementation of these kind of traps, so any help (or suggested paper) would be appreciated, but I was wondering how well can...
  34. K

    A Quantum logic on molecules

    Hello! I read several papers about using quantum information techniques in order to do precision spectroscopy on ions. Usually they trap 2 ions in a quadrupole trap and the 2 ions are coupled through their vibrational motion along the trap axis. However most of these results involve atomic ions...
  35. E

    Interesting video on: Why are 2 logic gates faster than 1?

    Just saw an interesting video on youtube explaining Logical Effort very nicely. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_effort
  36. L

    MHB Propositional Logic Problem

    Hi guys I can't figure this one out. I tried to use truth tables, but never found an equivalence , no matter which of the 5 options I tried. It is given that $\alpha$ is logically equivalent to $\alpha \rightarrow \sim \beta $ . Which of the following is a tautology ? 1) $\alpha$ 2) $\beta$...
  37. C

    DP: proving existence of optimal substructure for "Sherlock and Cost"

    I was attempting to solve the "Sherlock and Cost" problem from HackerRank using DP: But before I went to come up with a recursive relation, I wanted to find if the problem possesses an optimal substructure, and I was following these steps as written at CLRS book: Mentor note: Inline images of...
  38. C

    I have a few questions about Formalization & Pseudo-code

    Hello, I have a few questions and I'd appreciate if you can please help me. 1. If I want to say "for every ## i \in \Bbb N ## and ## 0 \leq j \leq i ## define ## A_{i,j} := i ## and ## B_{i,j} := i \cdot j ## ", then is the logical formula used for this is as such?: ## \forall i \in \Bbb N...
  39. Eclair_de_XII

    B Translating Abraham Lincoln quote into symbolic logic

    Can anybody check my work regarding these three statements, the third, in particular, please? I think I got the first two statements down, but I think that I'd feel safer if I got a second opinion. I think I also have a correct translation of the third statement down, but only because I...
  40. Twigg

    A Search for CPT violation with protons/antiprotons using quantum logic

    Just wanted to share a cool proposal paper from the BASE collaboration. I found this article dense and the theoretical aspects are way above my pay grade, so please chime in if you think I get anything wrong. For the record, I have no ties to this group and hadn't heard of them before this...
  41. C

    Showing continuous function has min or max using Cauchy limit def.

    Problem: Let ## f: \Bbb R \to \Bbb R ## be continuous. It is known that ## \lim_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \lim_{x \to -\infty } f(x) = l \in R \cup \{ \pm \infty \} ##. Prove that ## f ## gets maximum or minimum on ## \Bbb R ##. Proof: First we'll regard the case ## l = \infty ## ( the case...
  42. V

    I Translate compound proposition p → q (implication) to p↓q question

    I hope someone can help me or point me in the right direction. I am reading Discrete Mathematics with its Applications by Rosen. I am trying to self learn discrete math. I am actually able to do most questions but I have a question about a solution (not the question itself.) The question is...
  43. M

    MHB Logic Proof With Rules of Replacement

    Not sure if this is an allowed post, as it is not technically math but I'm trying to work through the below proof. If workers have a fundamental right to a job, then unemployment will be virtually nonexistent but job redundancy will become a problem. If workers have no fundamental right to a...
  44. T

    I Have you ever used "symbolic logic" to help you learn calculus?

    I failed to become a mechanical engineer because I could not learn how to do sequences and series in Calculus II. I could get Cs and Bs on all the concepts of Calculus II until I got to Sequences and Series. Then I would get F minuses on any tests involving series problems such as Infinite...
  45. icesalmon

    Engineering What is the output for the following logic circuit?

    I obtained the following result: ([(A xor B) xor 0]* AC)' ([(A'B + AB') xor (0)]*AC)' [([A'B + AB']*(0)' + 0)*AC)]' [(A'B + AB')*(1)*(AC)]' [A'ABC + AB'AC]' [AB'C]' A'+B+C' the solution to this problem is getting a different answer, I don't know why this solution isn't inverting the output AB'C
  46. W

    A Range of values for ##2^{\aleph_0}##

    Ok, so assume we have a model for ZFC where CH does not hold. What values may ##2^{\aleph_0}## assume over said models?
  47. C

    MHB Upper Bound of Sets and Sequences: Analyzing Logic

    Upper bound definition for sets: $ M \in \mathbb{R} $ is an upper bound of set $ A $ if $ \forall \alpha\in A. \alpha \leq M$ Upper bound definition for sequences: $ M \in \mathbb{R} $ is an upper bound of sequence $ (a_n)$ if $ \forall n \in \mathbb{N}. a_n \leq M$ Suppose we look at the...
  48. V

    First Order Logic: ∀x,y a(x) ∧ a(y)

    An example we were given is as follows: {ua|u∈∑*} (where ∑* is set of all words over ∑) so we have ∀x. last(x) → a(x). I am given {awa|w∈∑*} to do, and I know that I have to express that a is the first letter and last letter in a word. Could I write it as: ∀x,y ( a(x) ∧ a(y) ∧ x<y → ∃z(x<z<y))...
  49. entropy1

    I Modus Tollens on {B|α} → R?

    I can't figure out this: Say we have event B given α, denoted as {B|α}. If B happens, that implies that R happens: {B|α} → R. Now I want to apply modus Tollens. So if I do, do I get the result: ¬R → {¬B|α}? I mean, I hope I can keep the α unaffected. Is that the case? ¬X meaning X does not happen.
  50. S

    MHB Is Theorem 5.2 in SET THEORY AND LOGIC True or False?

    In the book: SET THEORY AND LOGIC By ROBERT S.STOLL in page 19 the following theorem ,No 5.2 in the book ,is given: If,for all A, AUB=A ,then B=0 IS that true or false If false give a counter example If true give a proof
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