Graduate Anti-dual numbers and what are their properties?

[Anixx]

In [this post][1] user William Ryman asked what would happen if we try to build "complex numbers" with shapes other than circle or hyperbola in the role of a "unit circle".

[Here][2] I proposed three shapes that could work. The common principle behind them being
that if the unit curve is defined as $r=r(\phi)$, an arbitrary point, corresponding to a 2-dimensional number on the plane $z=(a,b)$ is characterized by angle $\alpha(z)=\text{atan2}(b,a)$, magnitude $M(z)=\frac{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}{r(\alpha(z))}$ and argument $\operatorname{arg}(z)=\int_0^{\alpha(z)} r(\phi)^2 d\phi$, twice the area of a sector between the radius-vector and $x$ axis.

The addition of numbers is defined element-wise as $(a_1,b_1)+(a_2,b_2)=(a_1+a_2,b_1+b_2)$.

The multiplication is defined in such a way that the arguments are added and magnitudes are multiplied: $\operatorname{arg}(uv)=\operatorname{arg}(u)+\operatorname{arg}(v)$ and $M(uv)=M(u)M(v)$.

These definitions make addition and multiplication commutative and associative.

So, I decided to consider the number system based on the following equation for unit curve: $r=|\cos\phi|$. This function is reciprocal to the function defining dual numbers, so I called the system "anti-dual numbers".

The expressions for modulus and argument of a number $z=(a,b)$ thus would be:

$M(z)=\frac{a^2+b^2}{a}$

$\arg z=\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{a b}{a^2+b^2}+\arctan \left(b/a\right)\right)$

These expressions are valid for the first quarter of the plane, in other quarters we should account that negative modulus corresponds to a shift of argument by $\pi/2$ (not by $\pi$ as in complex numbers!), that's why we have to add the functions `arg` and `mod` which are intended to represent the canonical form.

The expression for the angle of direction of radius-vector as a function of argument is [from this post by Tyma Gaidash][5]:

$\phi (z)=\arcsin\sqrt{I_{\frac{4 \arg z}{\pi }}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}\right)}$

This expression involves [inverse beta regularized][6] function.

The code below for Mathematica system provides functions for determining argument and modulus of a number $(a,b)$, determining Cartesian coordinates based on modulus and argument as well as a function that multiplies two numbers given in Cartesian coordinates.

ar[a_, b_] := 1/2 ((a b)/(a^2 + b^2) + ArcTan[b/a]) m[a_, b_] := (a^2 + b^2)/a arg[a_, b_] := ar[a, b] + Pi/2 Sign[b] HeavisideTheta[-m[a, b]] mod[a_, b_] := Abs[m[a, b]] \[Phi][A_] := ArcSin[Sqrt[InverseBetaRegularized[4 A/Pi, 1/2, 3/2]]] // FullSimplify angle[A_] := Piecewise[{{\[Phi][A], 0 <= A < Pi/4}, {\[Phi][A - Pi/4] + Pi/2, Pi/4 < A <= Pi/2}, {-\[Phi][-A], -Pi/4 < A < 0}, {-\[Phi][-A + Pi/4] - Pi/2, -Pi/2 < A < Pi/4}}] X[m_, A_] := m Cos[angle[A]] Abs[Cos[angle[A]]] Y[m_, A_] := m Sin[angle[A]] Abs[Cos[angle[A]]] Multiply[{a1_, b1_}, {a2_, b2_}] := {X[m[a1, b1] m[a2, b2], ar[a1, b1] + ar[a2, b2]], Y[m[a1, b1] m[a2, b2], ar[a1, b1] + ar[a2, b2]]}

Example:

a := -1; b := -1
arg[a, b]
mod[a, b]

Output:

1/2 (1/2 + Pi/4) - Pi/2
2

Multiplication:

Multiply[{1, 1}, {1, 1}] // N

Output:

{-1.10363, 1.78788}

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That said, I wonder, what algebraic and analytic properties this system has? It seems to be a 2-dimensional hypercomplex commutative numbering system that is not isomorphic to complex, split-complex and dual numbers.

One interesting feature of this system is existence of divisors of infinity because $(0,1)(0,1)=\infty$ (multiplication by divisors of infinity cannot be handled by the provided code though). This makes the system not closed under multiplication unless an improper element $\infty$ is attached.

What else can be said about the system? [1]: https://math.stackexchange.com/q/4459901/2513
[2]: https://mathoverflow.net/questions/423657/lemniscate-numbers-and-others-what-would-be-the-properties
[3]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3dRX.png
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2
[5]: https://math.stackexchange.com/a/4390291/2513
[6]: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RegularizedBetaFunction.html

 

[fresh_42]

That said, I wonder, what algebraic and analytic properties this system has?

It is you who should check this before you propose something new. Something which by the way is prohibited to discuss on PF per our rules.

My first thought was:
There is more than one irreducible quadratic real polynomial, e.g. $x^2+x+1.$
and my second was:
Is that thing free from zero divisors, i.e. does it contain $\mathbb{R}$?

Anyway. We do not discuss personal speculations, even less if they are intended to shift the workload from the inventor to the reader.