Askew Pitot tube, airplane velocity measurement

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SUMMARY

The installation of a Pitot tube at an angle in an airplane affects velocity measurement due to improper stagnation pressure readings. According to Bernoulli's equation, the velocity is calculated using the difference between stagnation pressure (p_t) and static pressure (p_s). When the closed end of the tube is higher than the inlet, the stagnation pressure cannot be accurately measured, leading to erroneous velocity calculations. The correct approach requires considering the height difference and recognizing that stagnation pressure will not be zero, contrary to initial assumptions.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Bernoulli's equation and its application in fluid dynamics
  • Knowledge of Pitot tube functionality and its role in measuring airspeed
  • Familiarity with concepts of stagnation pressure and static pressure
  • Basic principles of laminar and turbulent flow in fluid mechanics
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the effects of tube orientation on fluid dynamics in "Fluid Mechanics" textbooks
  • Research the application of Bernoulli's equation in real-world scenarios
  • Learn about the design and calibration of Pitot tubes for accurate measurements
  • Explore the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and its implications on pressure measurements
USEFUL FOR

Aerospace engineers, students studying fluid dynamics, and professionals involved in aircraft design and performance analysis will benefit from this discussion.

distalphalanx
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Homework Statement


A horizontal Pitot tube (with one end open for airflow and another closed) is accidentally installed into an airplane askew, so that the tube is not horizontal. Instead the closed tube end is higher (in the y-direction of a xy-plane) than the inlet end. How does this affect the measurement of the velocity of the airplane?

Homework Equations


Bernoulli's equation. Solving for velocity it becomes v= √((2*(p_t - p_s)) / ρ_air)
, where p_t is the stagnation pressure (total pressure), p_s is the static pressure (pressure of the environment, atmospheric pressure at the height), and ρ_air is the density of air.

The Attempt at a Solution


I assume that in order to work properly, the Pitot tube needs to be horizontal. In this case, I suppose that the streamlines of the flow hits the wrong surface area (at the opening of a tube), and the flow isn't able to move to the closed end of the tube (which it should do in order to determine the stagnation pressure), because of the inclination.
As a consequence, the stagnation pressure at the end of the closed tube cannot be measured, since the stagnation pressure occurs at the point when the streamlines hit the inner surface of the tube (here v=0, p=max, which should ideally be measured at the closed end of the tube).

I assume that when there's no stagnation pressure to be measured (stagnation pressure at the measurement site in the closed end of the tube is 0, p_t = 0), the reduced Bernoulli equation for determining the velocity only uses the static pressure p_s, not the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure (p_t - p_s).
So, the equation for the velocity reduces to v = √((2*(0-p_s)) / ρ_air) or v = √((2*(p_s)) / ρ_air) ?
This leads to a wrong velocity measurement, since the stagnation pressure can't be measured.
Am I on the right track with this issue, or am I in deep trouble?

Another concern I worked out related to this regards the laminar flow that comes into the tube. Does the laminar flow become turbulent after the point where the streamlines of the flow hits the inner surface of the pitot tube, and does this in turn affect the velocity measurement, since even here stagnation pressure can't be measured?

Thanks in advance for all your advice!
 
Well looking at the the full equation and considering two points, p1+row(gh1)+(row*v1^2)/2= p2+row(gh2)+(row*v2^2)/2. You where using the equation assuming no height difference, but in the equation it says the closed end is higher than the open end. So I think you need to take into account the height difference. Also the stagnation pressure won't be zero, the stagnation velocity will be zero.
Note: I am not completely sure about this, but I think it makes more sense to consider height difference, and also the stag pressure won't be zero.
 

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