The binding energy of carbon-12 (12C) can be calculated using the mass defect formula, which considers the mass of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus. Electrons are not included in the binding energy calculation when focusing solely on the nucleus, as they do not contribute to the nuclear binding energy. The distinction between calculating the binding energy of the nucleus versus the entire atom is crucial, as it determines whether electrons are factored in. Clarification on whether the question pertains to the nucleus or the atom is necessary to accurately perform the calculation. Understanding this context is essential for determining the correct approach to the binding energy calculation.