Can Einstein's Equations be Applied to a Closed Universe?

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The forum discussion centers on the application of Einstein's equations in a closed universe, specifically examining the Hilbert action derivation. The participant questions the validity of dropping the Ricci term during the expansion of the Lagrangian into three integrals, citing concerns about boundary conditions in a closed universe. The discussion references Carroll's work, particularly equation 4.61, to illustrate the complexities involved when retaining the Ricci term, suggesting that the resulting field equations would be significantly more complex. The participant concludes that in a closed universe, the total derivative term may yield a topological number, reinforcing the need for careful consideration of coordinate chart patching.

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  • Understanding of Hilbert action in general relativity
  • Familiarity with Lagrangian mechanics and metric determinants
  • Knowledge of Ricci tensors and their role in Einstein's equations
  • Concept of boundary conditions in closed universes
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This discussion is beneficial for theoretical physicists, cosmologists, and graduate students studying general relativity, particularly those interested in the mathematical foundations of Einstein's equations in closed universe models.

m4r35n357
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I've been starting to look at the Hilbert action derivation of Einstein's equations, and have an introductory question.

When the Lagrangian is excpanded into three integrals (for variation of metric determinant, metric and Ricci Tensor), the Ricci term is always dropped after a discussion of total differentials, Stokes' theorem etc. that I can't quite follow precisely yet! Part of the justification seems to be an assumption of zero boundary conditions at infinity, but as I understand it in a closed universe there is no boundary and no zero field (if I've been following the arguments). As an example, see discussion of equation 4.61 in Carroll

So, my question is, can this term really be dropped for a closed universe. I imagine the field equations would be horrendous with the extra terms retained in the action.
 
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For a closed universe you will have the requirement of patching different coordinate charts together smoothly resulting in the total derivative term giving you at most a topological number. (Compare with periodic boundary conditions in one dimension.) The variation of this will still be zero.
 

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