Can lasers modify the threshold voltage of power-off transistors?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the effects of lasers on power-off transistors, specifically whether lasers can modify the threshold voltage of these transistors. The inquiry includes considerations of different types of lasers and transistors, particularly focusing on MOSFETs in the 65 nm or 55 nm range, and seeks to establish a relationship between laser parameters and threshold voltage changes.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants suggest that the effect of a laser on a transistor depends on various factors, including the type of laser (wavelength, power) and the type of transistor (individual vs. CMOS circuit).
  • One participant posits that shining a high-powered laser on a transistor could decrease the threshold voltage due to heating effects, similar to using a hot-air gun.
  • Another participant mentions that the effect may be related to thermal migration of the transistor's chemistry, potentially leading to accelerated aging or degradation.
  • There is a request for an equation linking laser parameters to threshold voltage deviation for unpowered transistors, particularly in the context of attacks on the back side of the silicon.
  • Concerns are raised about the practicality of targeting individual transistors in a 55 nm CMOS circuit due to the minimum spot size of lasers, suggesting that local heating would be the most achievable outcome.
  • One participant questions whether sufficient power could permanently change transistor parameters, noting that excessive heat might destroy the circuit instead.
  • Another participant clarifies that understanding the effect on a single transistor is a preliminary step before applying conclusions to larger circuits.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree that the effects of lasers on transistors are complex and depend on multiple factors. However, there is no consensus on the specific outcomes or the feasibility of using lasers as a method to modify threshold voltages in practical scenarios.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the dependence on specific laser parameters and transistor characteristics, as well as the unresolved nature of how these factors interact in practical applications. The discussion also highlights the challenges of targeting individual transistors within integrated circuits.

Aghiles
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Hi,
I am a phd student in hardware security,
I want to know what is the effect of the laser on power-off transistors and can it modify the threshold voltage of these transistors? And is there an equation that links the laser and the threshold voltage degradation?

Sincerely
 
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That question is way to broad to answer. What type of laser (wavelength, power) and what type of transistor? Also, are you referring to individual, discrete. transistors? Or transistors i CMOS circuit? And in what kind of package?

That said, the answer is of course in principle yes, if you shine a high powered laser on a transistor it will heat up and the threshold voltage will decrease. That said, you can achieve the same thing using a hot-air gun or a flamethrower so I suspect this is not what you have in mind...
 
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Welcome to PF.

It will depend on how the transistor is packaged, and the wavelength and power of the laser. The effect will probably be due to thermal migration of the chemistry, with the transistor being progressively aged or degraded at a higher rate than normal due to higher temperature.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation
 
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What are these transistors you are speaking of, more information is needed please.
 
sorry for the inaccuracies, basically I want to know the effect of the laser (whatever its parameters) on MOSFETs (65 nm or 55 nm), the important thing for me is to know if for example the heat generated by the laser can change the characteristics of the transistor even if it is turned off. That's why I'm looking for an equation that makes the link between the laser parameters and the threshold voltage deviation for unpowered transistors. To know if we attack a transistor with a laser when it is not powered and that we turn it on again afterwards, if its characteristics have changed.
for attacks on the back side, i.e. directly on the silicon
thanks
 
Just to be clear, you do know that you can't realistically target an individual transistor in a 55nm CMOS circuit, right? The minimum "spot-size" of even UV laser will be ~um in size, and that is in a highly controlled setting.
Essentially, the best you could hope for would be to locally heat a part of the circuit.
Could you apply enough power to permanently change the parameters? Probably (with enough heat you would essentially locally anneal the Si), but the most likely outcome would be that you would simply destroy the circuit.
And again, this assumes you have direct access to the unpackaged circuit which realistically only happens during its manufacture,.

So, if you are thinking about this in terms of it being a cybersecurity threat the answer is no.
 
yes it's clear that we can't target a single transistor, but the goal for me is to understand the effect on a single transistor to start with, then I can use the conclusions on circuits like PUF.

Thanks
 

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