Change of variables in an integral

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the process of changing variables in integrals, particularly focusing on how to determine the limits of integration when a new variable is introduced. It includes both theoretical considerations and practical examples.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • One participant presents an integral and queries how to calculate the limits after a change of variable, specifically when introducing \( u = x^2 \).
  • Another participant suggests that for the lower limit, substituting \( x = -1 \) gives \( u = 1 \), and notes that the upper limit becomes \( u = 0 \).
  • A third participant mentions that if the lower limit is greater than the upper limit, one can use the property of integrals that allows reversing the limits, stating \( \int_a^b f(x)dx = -\int_b^a f(x)dx \).
  • A participant raises a concern about changing variables in a different integral, \( \int_{-1}^{0} x dx \), using \( u^2 = x \), questioning whether the lower limit would become a complex number.
  • Another participant affirms that this substitution would indeed lead to complex numbers and emphasizes the need to consider multiple paths in the complex plane, suggesting that not every substitution is appropriate.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the implications of changing variables, particularly regarding the treatment of limits and the introduction of complex numbers. There is no consensus on the appropriateness of certain substitutions.

Contextual Notes

Participants note the potential complications that arise when changing variables, especially in cases involving complex numbers and the need to consider the nature of the paths in the complex plane.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be of interest to students and practitioners in mathematics or physics who are exploring the intricacies of integral calculus and variable substitutions.

2sin54
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This is not really a homework or anything, just found myself hitting a wall when doodling around.
If I have an integral like

##\int_{-1}^{0} x(x^2-1) dx##

and I introduce a new variable:
##u = x^2##
How do I calculate the limits of the new integral? In this case the upper limit is obviously 0, but what about the lower limit?
 
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For the lower limit you plug in -1 in that u=x^2 and so you have u=1... same thing for the upper limit. Of course you don't necessarily have to change the variable for this integral...
 
When x= -1, u= (-1)2= 1, of course. If it bothers you that the lower limit of integration is larger than the upper limit just use the fact that [itex]\int_a^b f(x)dx= -\int_b^a f(x)dx[/itex].
 
Argh, that was a brain fart.. But what about a case where
##\int_{-1}^{0} x dx##
and I make a change of variables like:
##u^2 = x##
Does the lower limit become a complex number?
 
Yes, and, in fact, you would have to consider the case of u= i and u= -i separately. Further you would have to consider that in the complex numbers there are an infinite number of paths between i and 0 or between -i and 0! Not every substitution is a good idea.
 

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