Compute Impact Velocity Vector for Orbital Trajectory

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around calculating the impact velocity vector of a craft descending from an orbital trajectory above a planet or moon. Participants explore various methods to compute this velocity, considering different forces acting on the craft during its descent.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant proposes calculating the position and velocity after a force acts against the craft's motion, suggesting the derivation of parameters for a new Kepler orbit evaluated at the radius of the planet or moon.
  • Another suggests that for significant forces acting over a longer duration, a numerical simulation may be necessary.
  • A participant shares results from a simulation, reporting an impact speed of 0.3116 m/s in a straight down direction, with specific parameters including craft mass and force applied.
  • Some participants argue that at 50 km altitude, air drag is too significant to consider the craft in orbit, while others assert that the moon's environment is effectively a vacuum at that altitude.
  • A later reply questions the presence of air drag at 50 km and whether thrusters are used to provide the opposing force.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express disagreement regarding the effects of air drag at 50 km altitude, with some asserting it prevents a true orbital state while others maintain that the moon's conditions are nearly a vacuum. The discussion remains unresolved on the implications of these factors for calculating impact velocity.

Contextual Notes

There are limitations regarding the assumptions made about the environment at 50 km altitude, particularly concerning air drag and its effects on orbital mechanics. The discussion also reflects varying interpretations of what constitutes an orbit in the presence of significant atmospheric drag.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be of interest to those studying orbital mechanics, aerospace engineering, or anyone involved in simulations of spacecraft trajectories and landing dynamics.

guss
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Let's say a craft is in an orbit at a height h above a planet or moon. A force acts directly against the craft's direction of motion so as the force vector is always parallel to the surface of the central body. So, the craft will slowly decelerate and impact the surface. What would be the best way to compute the velocity vector upon impact? I don't have much experience at all with orbital trajectories, and it seems like an interesting question with simple parameters.
 
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If the force acts for a short time: Calculate the position+velocity afterwards, derive parameters of a new Kepler orbit, evaluate this at the radius of the planet/moon.
If the force is significant and acts in a complicated way for a longer time: Numerical simulation?
If the force is like air drag and small everywhere and the initial orbit is roughly circular: Assume a nearly circular orbit at impact, calculate the corresponding speed.
 
I wanted a more exact result for that third option, and I couldn't derive a formula, so I did a simulation. It was actually much easier than I thought it was going to be, pretty cool as well. I got an impact speed of .3116 m/s in the straight down direction. Craft mass = 1.3kg (cubesat), F = .0001 N in the direction opposite of velocity, starting from 50km orbit. Very strange to thing about an object coming in for landing this way, nearly in orbit extremely close to the surface.
 
In 50km, there is nothing which I would call orbit, there is too much air drag.
 
mfb said:
In 50km, there is nothing which I would call orbit, there is too much air drag.
The moon is a vacuum for all practical purposes, especially at 50km altitude.
 
But how do you get air drag there? Or do you provide that force via thrusters?
 

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