Counterexample for a premeasure on a semiring over Q

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on demonstrating that the measure function \(\mu_{\alpha}([a,b)) = \alpha(b) - \alpha(a)\) is not countably additive when defined over the family of intervals \([a,b)\) in \(\mathbb{Q}\). A counterexample is provided using sequences \(E_n = [x_n, x_{n+1})\) where \(x_{n+1} = x_n + 1/n^2\) and \(x_1 = 0\). The sum of the measures \(\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \mu(E_i) = \pi^2/6\) is shown to be outside of \(\mathbb{Q}\), illustrating the failure of countable additivity. The discussion emphasizes the need to consider both the incompleteness of \(\mathbb{Q}\) and the measure zero property of rational numbers.

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  • Understanding of measure theory concepts, particularly countable additivity.
  • Familiarity with the properties of rational numbers (\(\mathbb{Q}\)) and their measure zero status.
  • Basic knowledge of sequences and limits in real analysis.
  • Experience with interval notation and the definition of intervals in \(\mathbb{Q}\).
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  • Investigate the implications of incompleteness in \(\mathbb{Q}\) on measure theory.
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Homework Statement


Let \alpha(r)=r and let P be the family of intervals [a,b) in \mathbb{Q}. Define \mu_{\alpha}([a,b))=\alpha(b)-\alpha(a). Show by example that \mu_{\alpha} is not countably additive.

Homework Equations


\mu is countably additive if for any sequence of mutually disjoint subsets E_1, E_2, ... such that \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}E_i\in P, we have \mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}E_i\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\mu(E_i).

The Attempt at a Solution


This problem is driving me insane. I know I have to somehow use the incompleteness of the rationals, so I tried to use sequences which I know do not converge in \mathbb{Q}. For example, I tried defining x_{n+1}=x_n + 1/n^2 and E_n=[x_n,x_{n+1}), where x_1=0. Then \mu(E_n)=1/n^2, so \sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\mu(E_i)=\pi^2/6, which is not in \mathbb{Q}. But this does not work because \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}E_i=[0,\pi^2/6)\notin P.

Basically I keep running into two problems. Either this happens, or I find a sequence whose union is in P but \mu is countably additive. Any hints or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
 
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The hint is that you need to use not only the incompleteness of the rationals, but also the fact that they have measure zero. That is, for every epsilon>0, it is possible to cover Q by countably many intervals s.t the sum of their lengths is less than epsilon. That's because Q is countable. Thus, these intervals will have union [0,1)\capQ, but the sum of their measures will be as small as you like.
 

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