Current sensing/measuring circuit

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around constructing an analog front end for measuring current using either a current transformer (C.T.) or a sense resistor, with the goal of translating the measurements into a 0-5V signal for an MCU. The focus is on achieving a wide range of current measurements (0-10A at 50/60Hz AC) with a resolution of 5mA, and includes considerations for waveform graphing and RMS values.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests using a small resistor (0.1 ohms or less) with a differential op-amp to achieve the necessary scaling for the current measurement.
  • Another participant emphasizes the need for a precision rectifier and a high-resolution A/D converter, noting that at least 11-bit resolution is required for the desired range and resolution.
  • There is a mention of the need to measure both the direction and amplitude of the current, which raises concerns about using a rectifier that may not capture directionality.
  • A participant questions the resolution of the A/D converter, pointing out that most microcontrollers have only 10-bit resolution, and suggests considering a logarithmic amplifier if 5mA resolution is not needed at 10A.
  • Another participant confirms that a 12-bit A/D is necessary for measuring both direction and amplitude, but notes that logarithmic amplifiers do not handle negative values well.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the best approach to achieve the desired current measurement, particularly regarding the use of rectifiers and logarithmic amplifiers. There is no consensus on a single solution, and multiple competing ideas are presented.

Contextual Notes

Participants have not fully resolved the implications of using rectifiers on direction measurement, nor have they clarified the specific requirements for the A/D converter in relation to the proposed methods.

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Hi everyone, I've been trying very hard to contruct an analog front end to measure current with an MCU, using a C.T(preferbly) or a sense resistor. Translating them into positive 0-5V.But find no luck as the I need a wide range and good resolution of 5mA.

Requirements :-

Line current : 0 - 10A 50/60hz AC
Resolution :5 mA

I need to translate them into 0-5V to be measure by my MCU to graph the instananeous current waveform, and of coz the rms values, peaks and so on.

The biggest problem is the 5mA requirement.Any help is greatly appreaciated.
 
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Use a small resistor .1 ohms or less and connect the differential inputs of an op-amp across it. Adjust the feedback around the opamp to get the scaling you need. You'll need a differential power supply like +/- 5 or 15 volts so tge opamp can sense the below-ground voltage on the "left side" of the current sense resistor.
 
You will also need to connect the opamp as a precision rectifier and feed it to a high resolution A to D converter.

That is about 2000 steps (10 A / 0.005 A) so you would need at least 11 bit (2048 step) resolution.
 
vk6kro said:
You will also need to connect the opamp as a precision rectifier and feed it to a high resolution A to D converter.

That is about 2000 steps (10 A / 0.005 A) so you would need at least 11 bit (2048 step) resolution.


I assumed he was already behind the rectifier.

Pagedown -do you need to measure direction of the current or just amplitude?
 
What is the resolution of your A/D converter? Most uPs are only 10 bits.

Do you need 5 mA resolution even at 10 amps? If not you may consider using a log amp. Instead of using an opamp between the sense resistor and the A/D, you could use a log amp. You might also use an opamp to optimally scale the output of the log amp to the A/D converter.

Here is one I have used. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tl441.pdf

Note: If you don't need fast conversion times, you can get 11 bit resolution from a 10 bit A/D by averaging several readings.
 
Ya, I will need the direction and also amplitude, thus the rectifier will cut-me off my direction. I will be using a 12-bit external ADC if needed.

Log amp will have this solved?
 
Yes, if you need the direction as well as amplitude you will need a 12 bit A/D. Unfortunately, log amps, like logarithms, do not handle negative values elegantly.
 

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