Axial vectors and pseudo-vectors are often considered synonymous, as both are dual to bivectors. A bivector represents a "directed area," akin to how a vector signifies a "directed length." In three dimensions, a directed area can be expressed through its normal vector, leading to the concept of pseudo-vectors. Additionally, a "directed volume" corresponds to pseudoscalars, which can be represented by a single number. The relationship between vectors, pseudo-vectors, and bivectors is nuanced, with A × B yielding a pseudo-vector that is dual to the bivector A ∧ B, representing the oriented parallelogram formed by vectors A and B.