Does a finite universe make sense to you?

[DaveC426913]

Glad to hear we are all about equal in knowledge. Now let me restate. that as we look out to a time and distance of the cosmic background that it fills the sky in every direction that we look. The universe is much smaller then and all directions we travel will take us back to that time.

You are confusing travelling with looking. When we look outward we see back in time, but we can't travel there.

 

[mysearch]

I have only quickly read through all the contributions, so apologises if my point has been raised before and I missed it. However, I was wondering whether a finite universe would have a gravitational centre of mass?

When Newton first came up with his theory of gravitation, he was unsure whether gravity acted with respect to the surface or centre of mass. Subsequently, he formulated what has become known as the Newton’s Shells:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_theorem

However, the flip side of this theorem shows that a particle within the cavity, surrounded by a uniform shell, would feel no net force of gravity, or possible spacetime curvature is more exact according to GR. However, the question being raised is whether an infinite universe would act as an infinite thick shell to any point in the visible universe and thus have no centre of gravity? While, in contrast, a finite universe must have some form of centre of gravity? Just a thought.

 

[MiltMeyers]

Dave Yes I agree and what I should have said if we could travel instantaneously which we can't but it is a way to describe what we see as that is the shape of the universe. It was late and I'm really not a bright bulb.

Mysearch, the only thing like a center is the spot were the singularity was and it is now spread all over the universe so my answer, if you care is there is no center. You have to visualize a 4d sphere and that is very hard, to see what I mean. So the universe has no center and no outside and nothing before the initial singularity.

 

[mysearch]

Response to #125

the only thing like a center is the spot were the singularity was and it is now spread all over the universe so my answer, if you care is there is no center. You have to visualize a 4d sphere and that is very hard, to see what I mean. So the universe has no center and no outside and nothing before the initial singularity.

I am not pretending that I know the actual answer, but would be genuinely interested in how a 4D-sphere changes the basic physics of gravitation. Newton’s shell theorem provides some tangible mechanism by which gravity might cancel out in an infinite universe, but not a finite universe. While Newton's laws of gravity are superseded by GR, I believe Newton’s basic laws still applied in this case. The terms centre of gravitational mass may be misleading as it is really only referring to a point corresponding to the net resultant of all gravitational forces/curvature in a finite universe. So my response is really just another question:

How does a finite 4D sphere explain there being no centre of gravitation?

 

[DaveC426913]

Newton’s shell theorem provides some tangible mechanism by which gravity might cancel out in an infinite universe, but not a finite universe.

You need to specify one more qualifier: boundary.

A finite bounded universe will have a bias in gravity, a finit but unbounded universe will not.

 

[mysearch]

Response to #127

Hi, accept the implication of the correction, but do not understand why. Can you qualify your statement about a "finite but unbounded universe" with any reference that explains the physics? Again, this is intended as a genuine inquiry and not as a smart-arse response. Thanks

 

[DaveC426913]

Hi, accept the implication of the correction, but do not understand why. Can you qualify your statement about a "finite but unbounded universe" with any reference that explains the physics? Again, this is intended as a genuine inquiry and not as a smart-arse response. Thanks

Well, that's where your 4D space comes in.

In the 2D "balloon" analogy the universe is finite (its width is the circumference of the balloon) yet unbounded (there is no edge, and no point on the surface is "privileged"). It also means no point on the surface is privileged with having a different mass distribution, and that means no point on the surface has a gravitational gradient different from anywhere else.

In the equivalent 4D universe, it has a finite size, yet, because it wraps around there is no boundary. This means no point is privielged with an different mass distribution because no point is "nearer an edge" than any other.

 

[MeJennifer]

Perhaps this is all confusing due to terminology but under GR a closed spacetime is always finite while an open spacetime is always infinite. In addition such spacetimes are also resp. spatially finite and spatially infinite.

 

[MiltMeyers]

Dave that's great as you have a way with words. Well said. Now as I see it space time is curved and exspanding even though the light we see looks like it is traveling a straight line. Light travels at C due to space exspanding at C so space time started first so it is the cause and light speed is the effect. I maintain this is not like either but space time is something and has a quantum foam were particles appear from space time and then disappear. It has a zero point energy. It seems to be that everything inside our universe is something and there is nothing outside not even nothing. Maybe there is an outside but it would have to be in the 5th demension. Okay who are you voting for and how much money do you make and is there a God? Please don't answer that as I was just kidding.

 

[MeJennifer]

Now as I see it space time is curved and exspanding even though the light we see looks like it is traveling a straight line.

Spacetime does definitely not expand.

Light travels at C due to space exspanding at C so space time started first so it is the cause and light speed is the effect.

No, you got that wrong.

 

[MiltMeyers]

Jennifer, hmmm if space time doesn't expand, why is the universe getting bigger? Also it is accelerating as time goes on. Does not the space between the galaxys make the universe bigger now than in the past? Maybe I'm using the wrong words? Please let me know were I'm going wrong.

I know that the speed of light C is not due to space time exspanding. So please explain how that works. Why is the c just about 186,000 mps and not 200000 mps? I'm truly happy as I think I'm going to learn something.

Thankyou;
milt

 

[DaveC426913]

Okay who are you voting for?

The only sane choice: I live in Canada.

 

[MeJennifer]

Jennifer, hmmm if space time doesn't expand, why is the universe getting bigger? Also it is accelerating as time goes on. Does not the space between the galaxys make the universe bigger now than in the past? Maybe I'm using the wrong words? Please let me know were I'm going wrong.

Don't mistake spacetime for space.

Why is the c just about 186,000 mps and not 200000 mps? I'm truly happy as I think I'm going to learn something.

Actually it could be any value it just depends on the units of measurement you use.

 

[MiltMeyers]

Don't mistake spacetime for space.
Oh are you saying that space is the 3 demensional kind and spacetime the 4 demensional kind? So space is exspanding not space time? Please help me to see that would you please?


Actually it could be any value it just depends on the units of measurement you use.

What keeps it from being faster or slower thru open space? Space is not an either or is it? I was taught many years ago that light propegated by each point on the wave front acts as a primary source and each point on that wave front acted as a primary wave source and so on. That was physics in 1959. Do you agree that the universe is exspanding at C?

Thankyou for your help.
milt

 

[MiltMeyers]

I'm so new here I didn't figure out how to post with a quote.

 

[epkid08]

Don't mistake spacetime for space.

Why wouldn't spacetime be expanding? Well for one, we assume space is expanding, so what does it mean for time to expand? Well, I'd say that if time wasn't 'expanding' we'd be frozen in time, but because spacetime is expanding, time and space continue to accelerate, as we continue traveling into the future.

 

[MiltMeyers]

MeJennifer---As far as I can tell when I think about it space time is 4 dimensions and space is 3 dementions but it exists only in my head. No jokes please. How can space exspand without bringing the 4th demension along with it? You do think that the universe is getting bigger and "exspanding"?

 

[Chronos]

An observationally finite universe makes sense to me. Mainly because there is no observational evidence to the contrary. Nominate the observation you have in mind that refute this proposition.

 

[mysearch]

Dave, thanks for the response in #129. However, if I could just push on a couple of points before I go away and do some more reading. The point of my questions is to try to understand what is generally accepted fact, albeit still subject to verification, and what is still speculative:

1) The universe is said to be expanding, based on redshift measurements, cepheid luminosity etc. This position is generally supported by CMB verification? Therefore, didn’t really understand the comments about space/spacetime not expanding in #132/135.

2) When people talk about curved spacetime, are they referring to gravitational spacetime curvature or the open/closed issue?

3) Given a density in the order of about 20 particle/m^3, a large-scale homogeneous universe would appear to be locally gravitationally flat, although this ignores the issue of whether there is an overall gravitational centre. See specific comments to #129 below?

4) The description of the universe being opened, closed or flat seems to be based on models of the universe using GR and the cosmological principle, e.g. homogeneous and isotropic, but ultimately dependent on the total energy-mass density assumptions of the universe. Today, the general assumption is that k=0, even though the level of speculation regarding the real nature of the energy-density is still high.

5) The case, k=0 is a special form of an open universe described as ‘flat’. Such a universe will expand forever, albeit at an ever-decreasing rate?

Ok, just wanted to get some assumptions in the open for clarification. I have snipped the following quotes from #129 for reference:

In the 2D "balloon" analogy the universe is yet unbounded (there is no edge, and no point on the surface is "privileged"). It also means no point on the surface is privileged with having a different mass distribution, and that means no point on the surface has a gravitational gradient different from anywhere else. In the equivalent 4D universe, it has a finite size, yet, because it wraps around there is no boundary. This means no point is privileged with a different mass distribution because no point is "nearer an edge" than any other.

Given the statements in 3) and 5), what evidence supports your 2D analogy that leads you to believe that a 4D universe ‘wraps around’ in the manner you describe?

While I think I understand the implication that the balloon analogy closes the curvature of spacetime, hence avoids any ‘gravitational gradient difference’ on the scale of the universe, it would seem that you must physically link the gravitational effects on one side of the universe to the other? Finally, one last question with respect to the following quote in #140

An observationally finite universe makes sense to me. Mainly because there is no observational evidence to the contrary. Nominate the observation you have in mind that refute this proposition.

While I agree that there may well be limits to what we can observe of the universe, this does not necessarily imply that the universe is not much bigger and possibly infinite. One of the reasons for raising the Newton Shells issues was to see whether it could support the notion of an infinite universe in the absence of any observed graviational centre. However, it is only a 'speculative notion' on my part and I accept that there is no evidence that supports, or refutes (?), this position. Therefore, would be really interested in any references, which describes the physics that supports any of the other positions forwarded. Many thanks.

P.S. Just for the record, I am actually agnostic on the question raised in this thread, simply because there does not seem to be sufficient evidence, as yet, to be conclusive. However, somebody in the forum may be able to correct me on this assumption.

 

[yuiop]

...

1) The universe is said to be expanding, based on redshift measurements, cepheid luminosity etc. This position is generally supported by CMB verification? Therefore, didn’t really understand the comments about space/spacetime not expanding in #132/135.

Hi mysearch. Long time no see! I think Jennifer was making a distinction between spacetime and space, where space expands while spacetime does not. I am not clear on how that distinction is defined but Jennifer is usually pretty well informed on this stuff.

...
2) When people talk about curved spacetime, are they referring to gravitational spacetime curvature or the open/closed issue?

In my understanding they are synonomous in the context of cosmology but hopefully someone will clear that up. In a closed universe Omega(total) is greater than one and the total interior angles of a large scale triangle adds up to less than 180 degrees and the universe is finite and has the potential to collapse gravitationally. In an open universe with Omega(total) less than one the interior angles add up to more than 180 degrees and the density is insuffient to collapse the universe gravitationally. It is worth noting that an exactly flat universe only requires the universe to be infinite if the cosmological constant is zero. A value of Omega(total)=1 which is partly made up of Omega(mass) and non zero Omega(dark energy) does not require the universe to be infinite.

...
5) The case, k=0 is a special form of an open universe described as ‘flat’. Such a universe will expand forever, albeit at an ever-decreasing rate?

The flat universe has large scale triangles with interior angles that add up exactly to 180 degrees as if there is no gravity at all and the geometry of space is classically Euclidean. The current observational data is just on the closed side of being exactly flat but possibly too close to call at the moment. The apparent lack of gravity despite the obvious fact that there are bodies with mass in the universe is explained by the anti-gravitational effect of the cosmological constant otherwise known as dark energy. Einstein originally introduced the cosmological constant to satisfy his belief that the universe was eternal and static (which was more a religious consideration than a scientific one) it was pointed out that such a static model was inherently unstable and the slightest deviation from perfect balance would cause the universe to rapidly collapse or expand exponentially. That consideration together with Hubble's observation caused Einstein to withdraw the arbitary cosmological parameter and call it his greatest blunder. Note that he did not simply keep the cosmological constant and change the arbitary value to match observation. One problem with the cosmological constant is the enormous coincidence that the anti gravity effect exactly balances the gravity effect to give an apparent flat universe at only one epoch in the history of the universe and that happens to be now. Statistically the coincidence is of the order of billions to one against.

...
While I agree that there may well be limits to what we can observe of the universe, this does not necessarily imply that the universe is not much bigger and possibly infinite. One of the reasons for raising the Newton Shells issues was to see whether it could support the notion of an infinite universe in the absence of any observed graviational centre. However, it is only a 'speculative notion' on my part and I accept that there is no evidence that supports, or refutes (?), this position. Therefore, would be really interested in any references, which describes the physics that supports any of the other positions forwarded. Many thanks...

On the Newtonian shells issue I would just like to add that in relativity the mass in the shells external to the shells where measurements are being made does have to be taken into account. The interior Schwarzschild solution has to be used in the case of the universe as the normal exterior Schwarzschild solution is only valid when there is no mass exterior to where the measurements are being made. The significance of the exterior shells is easily seen when you consider a clock in a hollow cavity at the centre of the Earth. It will be running slower that a clock on the surface of the Earth despite the fact that the Newtonian shell theorum sugggests there is no gravitational acceleration or force inside a hollow shell. The gravitational time dilation is a function of gravitational potential and not of gravitational acceleration. Gravitational potential is not independent of mass in external concentric shells.

 

[mysearch]

Response to #140

Hi Kev, I started to take a look at the gravitational implications of black holes and noticed the poll raised by Marcus in this forum. Therefore, I decided to raise a few basic questions on cosmology although, at the moment, I am simply trying to get a better handle on what is substantiated theory and what is still speculative.

I think Jennifer was making a distinction between spacetime and space, where space expands while spacetime does not. I am not clear on how that distinction is defined but Jennifer is usually pretty well informed on this stuff.

On the basis of a space-time diagram, I would of thought that any change to the space axis would explicitly change the resultant hypotenuses of spacetime, but maybe I missing the subtlety of the point being raised.

In my understanding they (curved spacetime and the open/closed issue) are synonymous in the context of cosmology but hopefully someone will clear that up.

I guess I was trying to highlight some different perspectives. 1) On a local level, spacetime can be almost infinitely curved, e.g. black hole, but has no practical bearing on the overall open/closed issue. 2) the open/closed issue seems to depend on the total energy-mass density of the universe, (the issue of pressure touched on below) and, as a generalisation, measurements suggest that [k -> 0], which in-turn suggests that the universe is essentially flat. However, picking up on your point:

It is worth noting that an exactly flat universe only requires the universe to be infinite if the cosmological constant is zero.

As I understand the situation, which may be wrong, the cosmological constant is still a viable part of cosmology because only 30% of energy-mass density required to make the universe flat can be accounted for. In essence, the cosmological constant takes up the slack and is said to tie-up with the idea of quantum mechanical vacuum energy, which in-turn may provide an answer for why the rate of expansion appears to be accelerating and not decelerating, i.e. the cosmological constant behaves gravitationally like matter and energy except that it has negative pressure. However, I am slightly confused on the exact breakdown of the accepted energy-mass density because I have often seen a 4% matter, 21% cold dark matter, 75% dark energy split accompanied by the 30% statement above. My confusion with this statement is 1) was not sure there was any verified acceptance of dark matter or energy? 2) what is the make-up of the 30% that has been accounted?

---------------
As a slight aside, many texts explain the expansion and age of the universe via reference to the Friedmann equation set. This leads to different rate of expansion due to the dominance of matter and radiation in the universe. However, it appears that the actual timeline now being associated with standard model are derived on a different, or refined, set of assumptions, which I have not yet got a clear picture. Hence the similar nature of the discussion in the following thread: https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=243968
---------------

The current observational data is just on the closed side of being exactly flat but possibly too close to call at the moment. The apparent lack of gravity despite the obvious fact that there are bodies with mass in the universe is explained by the anti-gravitational effect of the cosmological constant otherwise known as dark energy.

One problem with the cosmological constant is the enormous coincidence that the anti gravity effect exactly balances the gravity effect to give an apparent flat universe at only one epoch in the history of the universe and that happens to be now. Statistically the coincidence is of the order of billions to one against.

Two good points duly noted. There is a paper referenced in the poll concerning the universe as a black hole that seems to question the validity of the cosmological constant, but I suspect there might be another dozen that support it:
http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.4810

The significance of the exterior shells is easily seen when you consider a clock in a hollow cavity at the centre of the Earth. It will be running slower that a clock on the surface of the Earth despite the fact that the Newtonian shell theorem suggests there is no gravitational acceleration or force inside a hollow shell. The gravitational time dilation is a function of gravitational potential and not of gravitational acceleration. Gravitational potential is not independent of mass in external concentric shells.

Another good point that I need to consider. Does the statement imply that a clock in a hollow cavity surrounded by a uniform shell would feel no gravitational acceleration, but would still be subject to time dilation?

At this point I should really apologises to the originator of this thread because I recognise that I have wandered off the topic originally posted, although I believe that it does have some relevance to the question raised. However, I would still like to better understand what evidence supports the 2D balloon analogy that leads to the suggestion of a 4D universe that wraps around and, in doing so, avoids any ‘gravitational gradient difference’ on the scale of the universe, especially if current observations imply an essentially a flat universe.

 

[yuiop]

...
As I understand the situation, which may be wrong, the cosmological constant is still a viable part of cosmology because only 30% of energy-mass density required to make the universe flat can be accounted for. In essence, the cosmological constant takes up the slack and is said to tie-up with the idea of quantum mechanical vacuum energy, which in-turn may provide an answer for why the rate of expansion appears to be accelerating and not decelerating, i.e. the cosmological constant behaves gravitationally like matter and energy except that it has negative pressure. However, I am slightly confused on the exact breakdown of the accepted energy-mass density because I have often seen a 4% matter, 21% cold dark matter, 75% dark energy split accompanied by the 30% statement above. My confusion with this statement is 1) was not sure there was any verified acceptance of dark matter or energy? 2) what is the make-up of the 30% that has been accounted?

On the face of it the "accounted for" energy mass density should be 25% made up of 4% visible matter seen in stars and 21% cold dark matter estimated from galaxy rotation curves. I am not sure how they come to the 30% figure rather than 25% figure but I assume it is to do with the difference between the influence of mass energy density in the form of rest mass and mass energy density in the form of radiation and motion. This difference is seen in different curvatures of a mass dominated universe and a radiation dominated universe with the same mass energy density. An alternative explanation is that one of the figures was given by a different author using less up to date data, but you mention that the two figures accompany each other suggesting they were given by the same author in the same text. Can you provide a quote to demonstrate that?

...
Another good point that I need to consider. Does the statement imply that a clock in a hollow cavity surrounded by a uniform shell would feel no gravitational acceleration, but would still be subject to time dilation?

Yes! Exactly! :)

 

[Chronos]

Blurring the lines, I think. Observational evidence still implies a finite universe, IMO.

 

[mysearch]

Response to #142 & ~143

Hi Chronos: Could I ask what you would briefly list as the top observational evidence that supports a finite universe and what % confidence you have in this evidence?

#142: An alternative explanation is that one of the figures was given by a different author using less up to date data

Hi Kev: My apologises, you were right, I did actually get the information from different sources, so your explanation is probably right. However, my understanding of the dark matter issue was that it was still subject to verification. I have listed the following questions simply for clarification:

o As I understand it, dark matter has been speculated based on the observation of a number of gravitational anomalies, i.e. rotation anomalies in spiral galaxies to gravitational lensing around unseen objects?

o The first candidate were called MAssive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs) which consisted of Jupiter-sized planets, brown dwarf stars, faint low-mass stars, white dwarf stars and even black holes. However, this idea would only account for a fraction of the dark matter required to explain all the previous anomalies?

o I understand that Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) is now the front-runner for the missing matter, which corresponds to the description of Cold Dark Matter? However, the existence of WIMPs has not yet been verified

Originally Posted by mysearch
Does the statement imply that a clock in a hollow cavity surrounded by a uniform shell would feel no gravitational acceleration, but would still be subject to time dilation?

Yes! Exactly! :)

On a quite expansive note, although still within the scope of the question about the universe being finite or infinite, there was a poll in this forum about the universe being a black hole. I believe the basis of this speculation is linked to the fact that current mass-density of the universe is approximately of the right order to create an event horizon at about the same size of the ‘visible universe’. Note, as I understand it, this mass-density corresponds to normal mass, not dark matter or dark energy, so some questions:

o Would dark matter or dark energy affect the radius of the speculated event horizon?

o Would this conceptual black hole universe have a centre of gravity?

o Would your caveat to Newton Shells apply, i.e. do we really understand the meaning of time within a black hole to evaluate the scope of time dilation?

Apologises if these questions appear to becoming overly speculative, but they are not being forwarded as any sort of proposal and they did seem to be a logical extrapolation of some other discussions already taking place in this forum.

 

[sketchtrack]

I have always been told the universe is expanding faster than C. Isn't the expanding space rather than moving galaxies thing just to satisfy the hypothesis that mass cannot move faster than C?

 

[epkid08]

Yes.

If the universe wasn't expanding at or faster than c, wouldn't we be able to the edge of the universe?

 

[yuiop]

Hi Chronos: Could I ask what you would briefly list as the top observational evidence that supports a finite universe and what % confidence you have in this evidence?

The latest observations combining supernova, cluster and WMAP CMB data centres on Omega = 1.02 with a error of about +/- 0.02 which means a flat universe (Omega =1.00) is not excluded but the data tends towards a closed universe, but it is a close call.

o As I understand it, dark matter has been speculated based on the observation of a number of gravitational anomalies, i.e. rotation anomalies in spiral galaxies to gravitational lensing around unseen objects?

Yes, gravitational lensing is more important evidense for dark matter. The bullet cluster is a famous example that points towards evidense of dark matter of the WIMP variety.

...
o The first candidate were called MAssive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs) which consisted of Jupiter-sized planets, brown dwarf stars, faint low-mass stars, white dwarf stars and even black holes. However, this idea would only account for a fraction of the dark matter required to explain all the previous anomalies?

Yes.

o I understand that Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) is now the front-runner for the missing matter, which corresponds to the description of Cold Dark Matter? However, the existence of WIMPs has not yet been verified

See above comment about the bullet cluster.

Hi
On a quite expansive note, although still within the scope of the question about the universe being finite or infinite, there was a poll in this forum about the universe being a black hole. I believe the basis of this speculation is linked to the fact that current mass-density of the universe is approximately of the right order to create an event horizon at about the same size of the ‘visible universe’. Note, as I understand it, this mass-density corresponds to normal mass, not dark matter or dark energy, so some questions:

o Would dark matter or dark energy affect the radius of the speculated event horizon?

Yes it would. All mormal matter and dark matter contribute to the density and gravitational effect. Dark energy contributes an antigravity effect. Certainly significant dark energy would exclude the concept of the universe being a black hole. One thing that should be considered in discussions of the universe as a black hole is that in a dynamic situation where all the mass is moving outward then the Schwarzschild radius is not simply R=2GM/c^2. That is the simplistic statc solution. How gravity acts on moving objects is more complicated. This is clearly seen in the coordinate spedd of light of a photon falling towards a black hole. The photon decelerates as it falls c'=c*(1-2GM/R/c^2) while a static object released near the black accelerates. Clearly there is velocity component to how gravity acts on a falling object. If the velovity at a given radius is below a certain critical value gravity accelerates the object and above the critical velocity it decelerates the object. (I am talking about coordinate measurements and not proper measurements).

o Would this conceptual black hole universe have a centre of gravity?

Depends on whether you want to think in 4D or good old 3D ;)

...
o Would your caveat to Newton Shells apply, i.e. do we really understand the meaning of time within a black hole to evaluate the scope of time dilation?

Some people say we cannot understand the physics inside a black hole because when we look at time and distance in proper measurements they are all imaginary numbers for R<Rs and at the singularity at the centre of a black hole the energy/mass density is infinite and doing math with infinite values is very difficult. The conventional interpretation is that the problems go away if we look at things in terms of proper measurements for a falling observer. The proper time of a falling observer is always one second per second. A fallng observer using his own clock can not detect time dilation and would not notice if time stopped or even reversed his own clock always ticks at one second per second as far as he is concerned. Personally, I think too much emphasis is placed on proper measureents as they tell us very little. For example in SR the proper length of a moving object is always it s rest length and the proper clock rate of a moving observer is always it rest clock rate. In other words if we only look at proper time in SR there is no such thing as time dilation and length contraction. Time dilation and length contraction only come about by comparing measurements of observers with different reference frames. That is a coordinate measurement. In GR and analysis of black holes, for some reason they choose to ignore coordinate measurements and concentrate only on proper measurements. I believe that is the wrong approac. I have shown in other posts that while the proper measurements below the event horizon are imaginary the coordinate measurements are real and so the coordinate measurements are valid. From that viewpoint, coordinate measurements show that a singularity can not form at the centre of a black hole, but I should add that is not the conventional viewpoint. Some papers that look at black holes from a quantum point of view tend to agree that singularities do not form in black holes and while that is not yet the accepted view, I detect a momentum of cutting edge opinion in that direction.

 

[epkid08]

I thought I'd add this, to me, the most intriguing thing about the universe is that you can look up into the sky and know that there lies only one solution.

 

[mysearch]

Response to #147

Kev, thanks for your response, I appreciate the clarifications on the dark matter issues. I am not really questioning the data, but wanted to see where people are currently defining the ‘limits of inference’.

Yes it would. All normal matter and dark matter contribute to the density and gravitational effect. Dark energy contributes an antigravity effect. Certainly significant dark energy would exclude the concept of the universe being a black hole.

On the assumption that dark energy accounts for 75% of the energy density, I guess the consensus rejects any sort of black hole speculation?

Depends on whether you want to think in 4D or good old 3D ;)

It is not always clear to me what people are exactly inferring when they use the term 4D, e.g. 3-D space plus time or some form of curved finite - but infinite universe etc.

The conventional interpretation is that the problems go away if we look at things in terms of proper measurements for a falling observer. The proper time of a falling observer is always one second per second.

Time dilation and length contraction only come about by comparing measurements of observers with different reference frames. That is a coordinate measurement. In GR and analysis of black holes, for some reason they choose to ignore coordinate measurements and concentrate only on proper measurements.

I also have some problems in this area as well, but they may differ from yours. When I looked at the arguments relating to coordinate singularity at an event hole, e.g. Gullstrand-Painleve, I couldn’t help feel that it solved the problem only by not looking at it. What I mean is that it just appears to look at local proper time and ignores the implication on relative time in all other frames of reference. However, we are probably digressing into another topic.

Anyway, I shall now do some more reading based on all the information supplied. Thanks for the help.

 

[yuiop]

I thought I'd add this, to me, the most intriguing thing about the universe is that you can look up into the sky and know that there lies only one solution.

Gödel's incompleteness theorems can be paraphrased as no non trivial theory (solution) can be both consistent and complete. In other words you can look up at the sky and know it is not possible to have a single solution for the universe that is both consistent and complete


See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems