Effect of electrical permittivity on the speed of light?

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SUMMARY

An increased electrical permittivity in a medium reduces the phase velocity of light due to its relationship with the wave equations derived from Maxwell's equations. This phenomenon occurs because higher permittivity indicates that the material reacts less to changes over time, leading to slower wave propagation. The analogy of a wave on a string illustrates this concept, where increased tension (or permittivity) results in a slower wave speed. Understanding this relationship is crucial for comprehending light behavior in various materials.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Maxwell's equations
  • Familiarity with wave equations
  • Basic knowledge of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability
  • Concept of phase velocity in wave mechanics
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the derivation of wave equations from Maxwell's equations
  • Study the impact of magnetic permeability on wave propagation
  • Explore the relationship between capacitance and permittivity in transmission lines
  • Examine practical applications of permittivity in optical materials
USEFUL FOR

Physicists, electrical engineers, and students studying electromagnetism or wave mechanics will benefit from this discussion, particularly those interested in the behavior of light in different media.

Muggo
Why does an increased electrical permittivity reduce the phase velocity of light in a medium? Furthermore, what interactions do we see on an atomic level?

I am aware of the equation that defines the speed of light in terms of the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability, but I do not understand their relationship.

Many thanks to anyone who is able to answer this question or/and refer me to a resource where I can obtain an answer! :smile:
 
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Muggo said:
Why does an increased electrical permittivity reduce the phase velocity of light in a medium?
If you construct wave equations out of the Maxwell equations, that is the result. Intuitively, it means the material reacts less to changes over time, which means the reaction becomes slower.
 
To take a mechanical analogy, consider a wave traveling on a taught string, as with a violin. The speed depends on the tension - the "desire" of the string not to be displaced - and inversely on the mass per unit length. Now consider a transmission line. Speed depends on tension, the voltage needed to impart a charge, which is the capacitance per unit length, and inversely on mass - the inductance per unit length. If we increase the permittivity, C is increased, so we can say that the tension is reduced and the wave slows down.
There is a good Wiki page on permittivity.
 

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