Elevation angle of a phased array antenna

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the elevation angle of a phased array antenna, specifically addressing the implications of the elevation angle range from -25 to +25 degrees on the transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves and the configuration of instruments relative to the elevation plane. The scope includes technical explanations and conceptual clarifications regarding antenna radiation patterns and reflector planes.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants propose that the elevation angle indicates the main lobe of the radiation pattern can be directed from -25 degrees to +25 degrees.
  • Others question whether EM waves are transmitted on both sides of the elevation plane, seeking clarification on the meaning of the elevation angle.
  • It is suggested that instruments should ideally be located on one side of the elevation plane, but this is contested based on definitions of instruments and the elevation plane.
  • Some participants note that antennas typically have a front for desired radiation and a rear for unwanted radiation, with the front-to-back ratio being a relevant measure.
  • A later reply discusses the role of a reflector plane in enhancing the front-to-back ratio and suggests that while an ideal reflector would prevent radiation behind it, real reflectors may still allow some signal to radiate due to their edges.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the necessity of radiation on both sides of the elevation plane and the effectiveness of reflector planes, indicating that multiple competing views remain without a clear consensus.

Contextual Notes

Participants have not fully defined terms such as "instruments" and "elevation plane," which may affect the clarity of their arguments. Additionally, the discussion includes assumptions about the ideal behavior of reflectors versus real-world conditions.

senmeis
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elevation, phased array
Hi,

In the attached slide the elevation angle of a phased array antenna ranges from -25 to +25 degrees. Does it mean EM waves are transmitted on both sides of the elevation plane? Does it make any sense?

elevation.jpg
 
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It means that the main lobe of the radiation pattern can be swept in elevation from -25 deg to 25 deg.
 
senmeis said:
Does it mean EM waves are transmitted on both sides of the elevation plane? Does it make any sense?
The array can be electronically steered to anywhere between 25° down to 25° up. At the same time, it can be steered from 50° left, to 50° right.
 
As far as I understand all the instruments shall be located on one side of the elevation plane so the radiation on this side is not necessary. Is it correct?
 
senmeis said:
As far as I understand all the instruments shall be located on one side of the elevation plane so the radiation on this side is not necessary. Is it correct?
It depends on what you mean by instruments, (elements?), and what you mean by elevation plane.
Antennas usually have a front from which radiation is wanted, and a rear from which radiation is not wanted. The difference is specified as a front to back ratio, measured in dB.

With a phased array, there is usually a reflector plane behind the array of elements. That enhances the F/B ratio, and eliminates interference from behind the antenna array. Since the separation between the elements and the reflector can be optimised, that can double the signal, gaining a +3 dB advantage.
 
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For the case with a reflector plane (elevation plane) there’s no radiation behind this plane. Is it true?
 
senmeis said:
For the case with a reflector plane (elevation plane) there’s no radiation behind this plane. Is it true?
If the reflector plane is of infinite extent, then that is true.

Real reflectors have edges, so some signal will flow in the edge of the reflector. That will result in some signal being radiated behind the reflector.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction#"Knife_edge"
 
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