A Energy, mass and Noether’s theorem

[Dale]

The coordinates are of no relevance to this question, and are presumed as fixed

I am not presuming that.

I am presuming only that we want to scale the energy and momentum separately, but we want to do so consistently.

 

[ergospherical]

I mean, if you do something like change the units of the co-ordinates so that $x' = \alpha x$, then because $[E] \propto L^2$ whilst $[\mathbf{p}] \propto L$ then you will have $E' = \alpha^2 E$ and $\mathbf{p}' = \alpha \mathbf{p}$. Accordingly one could build a 4-vector out of $(E'/\alpha, \mathbf{p})$, for example. You can always play with the system of units in a carefully controlled manner, but I don't think this was really the crux of m2dperpe's question? c.f. my comments in #37.

 

[PeterDonis]

As far as I can tell, you are instead suggesting scaling the co-ordinates $x^{\mu} \rightarrow \alpha x^{\mu}$ and considering the effect of this change of units on the components of the 4-momentum, but one must understand that this is an entirely different question!

No, it's a closely related question, once you bring up, as the OP did in post #23, the possibility of rescaling or shifting the zero point of the conserved quantity derived from Noether's theorem.

 

[vanhees71]

Does Noether's theorem really specify the value of the energy? Doesn't it just give an expression $h(t,x,\dot{x})$ that is conserved? I mean, if $h$ is conserved, then so are $h+C$ and $Ch$ where $C$ is a constant. Can you take $E$ to be any of these?

As in non-relativistic mechanics also in special-relativistic mechanics the choice of the "energy-zero point" is arbitrary. You can choose it as you like without any change in the physical meaning of energy as a conserved quantity following from temporal translation invariance a la Noether. However, it's convenient to group your quantities in terms of Poincare-covariant quantities, and in the case of energy it's clear that it should be grouped together with momentum, which are the conserved quantities due to spatial translation invariance. If you choose momentum in the usual way, as
$$\vec{p}=m \mathrm{d}_{\tau} \vec{x},$$
where $\tau$ is the proper time and $m$ the invariant mass of the particle, then it's convenient to choice your "energy-zero point" such that
$$E/c=m^2 c^2+\vec{p}^2.$$
Then
$$(p^{\mu})=(E/c,\vec{p})$$
are the contravariant components of a Minkowski four-vector. The invariant mass is then given by
$$p_{\mu} p^{\mu}=m^2 c^2,$$
and thus is a scalar, as it should be.

In the case of a battery of course also the chemical energy, mechanical stresses, the electromagnetic field etc. contributes to the total energy in the rest frame of the center of energy (not center of mass as in non-relativistic physics!) and thus to the invariant mass, $m=E_{\text{COE}}/c^2$.

Concerning the rescaling of coordinates and/or momenta, it's not related to Noether's theorem since scaling invariance is not a symmetry of Nature. Even in models without any dimensional fundamental quantity (like massless electrodynamics or pure Yang-Mills theory) the quantization breaks the scaling and/or conformal symmetry ("trace anomaly").

Also I wouldn't count the redefinition of units as a symmetry, because all properly formulated theories of physics are independent of the choice of units to begin with (though in the case of electromagnetism it's more subtle since you've in principle the choice between 3, 4, or even 5 base units, leading to more complicated conversions between the electroamagnetic quantities).

 

[cianfa72]

So then $E$ is the total energy and $p$ is the total linear momentum, since those are the conserved quantities?

Just to clarify a point: when we say that a quantity is conserved it is not the same as claiming it is invariant.

A quantity is conserved during a physical process if the value a frame assigns to it does not change during the process itself. However the values each frame assigns to it are not necessarily the same.

 

[vanhees71]

If $\alpha’\ne \alpha$ then you will have to change the coordinates or the metric.

Four-momentum is a vector and thus independent of the choice of coordinates. The metric is a 2nd-rank symmetric tensor and thus independent of the choice of coordinates either.

 

[Dale]

Four-momentum is a vector and thus independent of the choice of coordinates. The metric is a 2nd-rank symmetric tensor and thus independent of the choice of coordinates either.

Yes, but the components, E and p, are not. That is the point. You can use different units for E and p, thus changing the coordinate representation without changing the underlying vector.

 

[vanhees71]

Sure, that idiosyncrazy is realized in SI units, measuring the components of the em. field in different units. You can overcomplicate things as much as you like, but what should this be good for?

 

[md2perpe]

Not necessarily. You can simply put the unit conversion factors into the metric. This is the difference between $ds^2=-c^2 dt^2+ dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2$ in SI units and $ds^2 = dt^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2$ in natural units. You can even scale different directions of space differently, like fathoms for vertical distances and nautical miles for horizontal ones.

I don't understand why distances in spacetime would change just because I choose different factors for $E$ and $p$.

 

[Dale]

I don't understand why distances in spacetime would change just because I choose different factors for $E$ and $p$.

The dimensions of $p$ are $[MLT^{-1}]$ and the dimensions of $E$ are $[ML^2 T^{-2}]$. So if you want to scale them differently then you cannot just scale mass, you have to scale length and time.

 

[md2perpe]

The dimensions of $p$ are $[MLT^{-1}]$ and the dimensions of $E$ are $[ML^2 T^{-2}]$. So if you want to scale them differently then you cannot just scale mass, you have to scale length and time.

Replace $p$ with $cp$ which has same dimension as $E$ and use different factors for $cp$ and for $E$.

You don't seem to get the problem. You wrote that $E$ is the conserved quantity induced by time translation invariance and $p$ is the conserved quantity induced by spatial translation invariance. But also $E':=2E$ and $p':=3p$ are then conserved quantities. So, with $c=1$ for simplicity, we could according to what you have written equally well have $(E')^2 = m^2 + (p')^2$ which expressed in the first choice of energy and momentum means $4E^2 = m^2 + 9p^2$ which certainly is not equivalent to $E^2 = m^2 + p^2$.

 

[Dale]

You don't seem to get the problem. You wrote that $E$ is the conserved quantity induced by time translation invariance and $p$ is the conserved quantity induced by spatial translation invariance. But also $E':=2E$ and $p':=3p$ are then conserved quantities.

Yes, and $E’=2E$ is just a change of units.

 

[vanhees71]

I don't understand why distances in spacetime would change just because I choose different factors for $E$ and $p$.

Of course they don't change. Proper physical theories are independent of the choice of unit systems, and so is of course special and general relativity.

 

[md2perpe]

Yes, and $E’=2E$ is just a change of units.

But if I use different factors for $p_x$, $p_y$ and $p_z$ then will I not need to use different units in the different directions?

 

[Dale]

But if I use different factors for $p_x$, $p_y$ and $p_z$ then will I not need to use different units in the different directions?

Yes. See my previous post where I mentioned using fathoms for vertical distances and nautical miles for horizontal distances.

 

[md2perpe]

Of course they don't change. Proper physical theories are independent of the choice of unit systems, and so is of course special and general relativity.

But it has been written that using different factors for $E$ and $p$ is just about units. It has also been suggested to put the unit conversion factors into the metric. That would change the metric. Or are people here just not clear about how they mean?

 

[Dale]

But it has been written that using different factors for $E$ and $p$ is just about units. It has also been suggested to put the unit conversion factors into the metric. That would change the metric. Or are people here just not clear about how they mean?

As @vanhees71 said, the four momentum is a vector, which is a single unchanging geometrical object. What you are doing when you say $E’=2E$ is simply to represent that single geometric object in a different basis. I.e. as a larger multiple of smaller vectors. This change of size of your basis is a change of units. It doesn’t change the geometrical vector, just the numbers you use to represent it.

 

[vanhees71]

But it has been written that using different factors for $E$ and $p$ is just about units. It has also been suggested to put the unit conversion factors into the metric. That would change the metric. Or are people here just not clear about how they mean?

I don't think that this makes a lot of sense, but of course you can always shuffle useless conventional factors around. An example where this is done for practical purposes is in the SI, where the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field tensor $F_{\mu \nu}$, which of course is a frame-dependent splitting, are measured in different units. This is compensated, however, usually in defining the corresponding components with the appropriate factors, making the components of $F_{\mu \nu}$ wrt. a tetrad basis of the same dimension by defining $F^{j 0}=E^{j}/c$ and $F^{jk}=-\epsilon_{jkl}B^l$. In SR also the time is measured still in seconds and the spatial components of the time-position four-vector in meters. That's compensated again by introducing the appropriate factor $c$ in its temporal component, $(x^{\mu})=(ct,x^1,x^2,x^3)$, etc. Alternatively you could also lump these factors of $c$ in the basis vectors, but this makes it more confusing. I don't see any merit in using such a idiosyncratic convention, and I also use Heaviside-Lorentz units when it comes to the manifest covariant formulation of Maxwell theory. Finally in research work we use natural units in addition, setting $\hbar=c=k_{\text{B}}=1$ ;-)).

 

[Dale]

I don't think that this makes a lot of sense, but of course you can always shuffle useless conventional factors around

Agreed. Far easier to simply define the four-momentum as the conserved four-vector associated with spacetime translation symmetry, and then use that freedom to shuffle all of the conventional factors to 1.

 

[ergospherical]

$E$ is the conserved quantity induced by time translation invariance and $p$ is the conserved quantity induced by spatial translation invariance. But also $E':=2E$ and $p':=3p$ are then conserved quantities. So, with $c=1$ for simplicity, we could according to what you have written equally well have $(E')^2 = m^2 + (p')^2$ which expressed in the first choice of energy and momentum means $4E^2 = m^2 + 9p^2$ which certainly is not equivalent to $E^2 = m^2 + p^2$.

I must say I think this discussion of units is massively overcomplicating what is really quite a simple question, which I tried to answer all the way back in #28. The point is that if the Lagrangian is invariant under a translation $x'^{\mu} = x^{\mu} + \epsilon \delta_{\mu_0}^{\mu}$ in the $\mu_0 = x,y,z \ \mathrm{or} \ t$ directions, then\begin{align*}
\delta L = \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial x^{\mu}} \delta x^{\mu} + \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}^{\mu}} \delta \dot{x}^{\mu} = \epsilon \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial x^{\mu_0}} \equiv 0
\end{align*}then the Euler-Lagrange equation $\dfrac{\partial L}{\partial x^{\mu_0}} = \dfrac{d}{d\lambda} \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}^{\mu_0}}$ implies that the quantity $p_{\mu_0} \equiv \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}^{\mu_0}}$ is conserved along the trajectory of the particle. For example, for a free particle \begin{align*}
L &= -m\sqrt{-\dot{x}_{\nu} \dot{x}^{\nu}} \implies \dfrac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}^{\mu_0}} = \dfrac{m\dot{x}^{\mu_0} }{\sqrt{-\dot{x}_{\nu} \dot{x}^{\nu}}} = mu^{\mu_0}
\end{align*}Because the $4$-velocity $u$ is a $4$-vector, then clearly the linear scaling $p = mu$ is also a $4$-vector (of length $E^2 - |\mathbf{p}|^2 = -p_{\nu} p^{\nu} = -m^2 u_{\nu} u^{\nu} = m^2$).

What you cannot do is build a 4-vector out of, say, $\left(\alpha p^{0}, \alpha' \mathbf{p} \right)$ where the scalings $\alpha \neq \alpha'$ are not equal, because as I already showed in post #28 this set of quantities does not transform as a 4-vector.

 

[md2perpe]

As @vanhees71 said, the four momentum is a vector, which is a single unchanging geometrical object. What you are doing when you say $E’=2E$ is simply to represent that single geometric object in a different basis. I.e. as a larger multiple of smaller vectors. This change of size of your basis is a change of units. It doesn’t change the geometrical vector, just the numbers you use to represent it.

You seem to think that I am just changing for example 1 Joule to 2 half-Joules. That is *not* what I am doing. I am changing 1 Joule to 2 Joules. Noether's theorem just gives an expression $h$ (with a physical dimension!) that is conserved and doesn't say whether the correct energy to use is $E=h$ or $E=2h$.

 

[md2perpe]

What you cannot do is build a 4-vector out of, say, $\left(\alpha p^{0}, \alpha' \mathbf{p} \right)$ where the scalings $\alpha \neq \alpha'$ are not equal, because as I already showed in post #28 this set of quantities does not transform as a 4-vector.

Thus we can not just, as Dale did, say that $E$ and $p$ are the entities given by Noether's theorem by invariance under time and spatial translations. There is another condition that restricts the possible choices.

 

[Dale]

You seem to think that I am just changing for example 1 Joule to 2 half-Joules. That is *not* what I am doing.

Why would you not do that? It doesn’t work the other way. I had assumed that you were intending to do correct things.

Thus we can not just, as Dale did, say that $E$ and $p$ are the entities given by Noether's theorem by invariance under time and spatial translations. There is another condition that restricts the possible choices.

Right, it is what @vanhees71 already pointed out. The resulting quantity needs to also be a four-vector. Thus the four-momentum $(E,p)$ is the conserved four-vector associated with the symmetry of the Lagrangian under spacetime translations.

 

[Sagittarius A-Star]

What you cannot do is build a 4-vector out of, say, $\left(\alpha p^{0}, \alpha' \mathbf{p} \right)$ where the scalings $\alpha \neq \alpha'$ are not equal, because as I already showed in post #28 this set of quantities does not transform as a 4-vector.

Is'nt that what 't Hooft is doing?

$p^\mu = \begin{pmatrix} p_x \\ p_y \\ p_z \\ iE \end{pmatrix}$

Source:
https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~hooft101/lectures/genrel_2013.pdf

 

[ergospherical]

No T’Hooft uses the “$ict$” convention so that you can use the canonical inner product on $\mathbf{R}^4$ instead of the Lorentz metric.

 

[vanhees71]

Argh. That's just an oldfashioned convention to avoid the Minkowski-metric components $\eta_{\mu \nu}$ for the fundamental form of Minkowski space in pseudo-Cartesian coordinates and make everything look like Eulidean Cartesian coordinates. I'd not recommend to use this convention anymore, because it's inconvenient and cannot be generalized to arbitrary bases of Minkowski space nor, of course, to general relativity.

 

[PeterDonis]

But it has been written that using different factors for $E$ and $p$ is just about units. It has also been suggested to put the unit conversion factors into the metric. That would change the metric.

It changes the mathematical representation of the metric (and other things, such as $E$ and $p$). It does not change any actual physical observables.

 

[PeterDonis]

as I already showed in post #28

You didn't show what you claim in post #28. All you showed is that, if you are using different units for different components of a 4-vector, you need to change the transformation equations accordingly.

You appear to have forgotten the obvious fact that we can represent 4-vectors in any coordinate chart we like, and in many commonly used charts, different components do have different units. The simplest examples are cylindrical or spherical coordinates, where the angular components of 4-vectors have different units from the other components. (And of course there is the choice of whether to use units where $c = 1$ or not, which affects the relative scaling of timelike and spacelike coordinates.) The transformation equations between coordinate charts automatically take care of all this.

 

[ergospherical]

As far as I am concerned both Dale and yourself are not addressing the question. @md2perpe asks why one cannot form a 4-vector out of, for example, 2E and 3p - the answer is that this does not have the correct transformation properties. We are not changing, or even considering, the space time coordinates.

 

[PeterDonis]

@md2perpe asks why one cannot form a 4-vector out of, for example, 2E and 3p

And the answer is that you can, if you adjust the coordinates appropriately.

We are not changing, or even considering, the space time coordinates.

Yes, you are. $E$ and $p$ are derived from the Lagrangian by Noether's theorem. Switching to $2E$ and $3p$ means you are changing the generalized coordinates in the Lagrangian accordingly.

Thus we can not just, as Dale did, say that $E$ and $p$ are the entities given by Noether's theorem by invariance under time and spatial translations.

Yes, you can. Remember that Noether's theorem starts with the Lagrangian, and the Lagrangian is a function of the generalized coordinates and their derivatives. As commented just above, when you say you can switch from a conserved quantity $K$, derived from the Lagrangian by Noether's theorem, to $hK + C$, what you are actually doing is changing the Lagrangian by changing the generalized coordinates. There is no freedom in the derivation of Noether's theorem to insert arbitrary factors or constants into the conserved quantity without changing the Lagrangian.

To put this another way, as I said in post #64, when you say you can switch from $E$ and $p$ to $2E$ and $3p$, you can only mean that you are changing the mathematical representation of the physics. You can't change any actual physical observables just by saying so. The physically observed energy and momentum are what they are. If you want to represent those physically observed quantities by $2E$ and $3p$ instead of $E$ and $p$, you have to make other corresponding changes in the mathematical representation.