Energy Needed Per Second to Sustain a Velocity through a Liquid

AI Thread Summary
The discussion focuses on calculating the energy required for a bacterium to swim through a liquid to reach a food source before diffusion equalizes concentrations. Key parameters include the bacterium's swimming speed of 30µm/s and the diffusion constant of food molecules at 500µm²/s. The propulsive force equation incorporates factors like viscosity, flagellum length, and movement angle, but participants express confusion about integrating these equations to determine energy consumption per second. The conversation suggests using the relationship between power, force, and velocity to derive energy per time, while highlighting the need for more information on the angle theta for accurate calculations. Overall, the thread emphasizes the complexity of translating physical equations into practical energy estimates for bacterial movement.
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Homework Statement


Bacteria use swimming to seek out food. Imagine that the bacterium is in a region of low food concentration. For the bacterium to profit from swimming to a region with more food, it has to reach there before diffusion of food molecules makes the concentrations in the two regions the same. Here we find the smallest distance that a bacterium needs to swim so it can outrun diffusion.

(a) ...
(b) ...
(c) Estimate the number of ATP molecules the bacterium must consume (hydrolyze) per second in order to travel at this speed [speed of bacterium], assuming that all of the energy usages goes into overcoming fluid drag. The amount of energy released from one ATP molecule is approximately 20 kT. Note that the bacterial flagellar motor is actually powered by a proton gradient and this estimate focuses on the ATP equivalents associated with overcoming fluid drag.


Homework Equations


Speed of bacterium = 30µm/s
Diffusion constant of food molecule = 500µm^2 / s

Propulsive force:
Fp = 2πnLvcos(theta)sin(theta)
where n is the viscosity of water, L is the length of the flagellum with L = 10µm, theta is the angle at which a small segment of the flagellum moves with respect to the direction of motion of the bacterium, v is the speed of a section of the flagellum perpendicular to the direction of motion of the bacterium, and
v = πDf,
where D = 0.5µm and f = 100Hz

Speed of bacterium:
V = vsin(theta)cos(theta)



Also,
tan(theta) = (πD)/P, where P = 2µm.


The Attempt at a Solution



I can't quite figure what to do with sin(theta)cos(theta)...

But really, I can't figure how to move from these equations to energy/time. I thought that maybe

F = -(gradient)U

could be helpful, but when I thought of how to apply that, I wasn't sure what to take F with respect to... theta seems to be the only value to change in the Fp equation, but even if I found the potential energy, how would I move to something that is energy per time?

Thanks!
 
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There is an equation relating power, force and velocity. It should be in any introductory physics book, in the chapter that deals with work, energy, and power.

Hope that helps. Not sure what to do about theta, without further information.
 

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