Evaporation of Liquids: 3 Questions Explained

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    Evaporation Liquids
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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the evaporation of liquids, specifically addressing questions about the relative ease of evaporation for alcohol compared to water, the influence of solids on boiling points and evaporation, and the effects of pressure on evaporation rates. The context includes both theoretical understanding and practical applications related to using an evaporator.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Homework-related
  • Experimental/applied

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants suggest that alcohol evaporates more easily than water due to the differences in hydrogen bonding, with water forming more hydrogen bonds than alcohol.
  • It is proposed that the presence of solids, such as salt, increases the boiling point of liquids because the ionic bonds formed are stronger than hydrogen bonds, requiring more energy to break them.
  • One participant explains that lower pressure facilitates evaporation because it allows molecules to escape the liquid more easily, as seen in dynamic equilibrium where a drop in pressure shifts the equilibrium to favor gas formation.
  • Another participant raises a question about whether a section of an evaporator operating at -88kPa would evaporate more easily than one at -75kPa, suggesting that lower pressure enhances evaporation.
  • A hypothetical scenario is presented comparing two containers at different pressures (100kPa and 200kPa) to explore how pressure affects the rate of evaporation, with the implication that lower pressure would allow for easier evaporation.
  • One participant expresses uncertainty about the concept of "negative pressure" and its relation to evaporation, indicating a need for clarification.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree that lower pressure enhances evaporation, but there is no consensus on the specifics of how solids affect boiling points or the nuances of pressure effects in different contexts. The discussion remains unresolved regarding some technical details and definitions.

Contextual Notes

Some limitations include the need for clearer definitions of pressure terms, particularly "negative pressure," and the dependence of claims on specific conditions that may not be universally applicable.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be useful for individuals interested in the principles of evaporation, particularly those working with evaporators in practical applications, as well as those studying the physical chemistry of liquids.

IJC7
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Hello,

I have 3 questions please

1. Why does Alcohol evaporate easier then Water?

2. Why do liquids with a Higher Solids content have a higher boiling point then liquids with a lower Solids contents.How and why does Solids affect evaporation?

3. Why do liquids when under a lower pressure evaporate easier then liquids which are under high pressures?

I am about to learn to use a evaporator for the first time and would like to learn the operating principles

Best Regards

IJ
 
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Is this homework? If it is, I think you have to attempt to answer yourself first.
 
No it is not homework..finished school over 20 years ago...just starting to use a juice evaporator for concentrate
 
OK then,
1) a) Water has 2 hydrogens bonded to the oxygen, while alcohols only have one, which means that water can form less hydrogen bonds. These pictures illustrate it. Notice water has 4 H-bonds, while ethanol has only 2.

These hydrogen bonds need to be broken for the liquid to evaporate, so a higher energy, and therefore temperature, is needed for the liquid to boil.
b) Alcohols have a non- polar hydrocarbon chain which gets in the way of hydrogen bonding, which the picture also shows. Less hydrogen bonding means a lower boiling point, as I have said before.
2) If you add salt to water, the dipoles on the water are attracted to the ions in the salt (this is also why it dissolves). These ionic(ish) bonds are stronger and more numerous than the hydrogen bonds in the water. This means it takes more energy to break them, so they are harder to boil.
do-ionic-compounds-dissolve-water-800x800.jpg

3) Because of dynamic equilibrium. In a sealed system, liquid is constantly changing into gas and gas into liquid, at the same rate, so the ratios stay the same. However, if a change is made to the system, such as a drop in pressure or the gas being blown away, the equilibrium ratios shift to resist the change. Vapour is a higher volume, and therefore generates a higher pressure, than liquid, so a drop in pressure means gas is created, via evaporation to raise the pressure.
If you need further explanations on any of the concepts I wrote above, just ask.
 
Last edited by a moderator:
Hello Jetwaterluffy

Thank you for the reply.Much appreciated

In a 2-stage evaporator system 1 section is running at -75kPa Gauge Pressure and the other section is running at -88kPa Gauge Pressure..the 2 section are in the 1 evaporator machine controlled by a system vacuum pump and a valve controlling the 2 different pressures.
1. Would the -88kPa section evaporate easier then the -75kPa section due to the lower pressure which makes it easier for the molecule to escape the fluid ?
2. Example:If you had 2 enclosed containers with the same temperature but 1 container had a pressure above the liquid at 100kPa and the other had a pressure above the liquid at 200kPa .Would the molecules leave the container with a 100kPa pressure easier because there is less pressure above the liquid then the 200kPa container?

Thanks again

IJ
 
IJC7 said:
Hello Jetwaterluffy

Thank you for the reply.Much appreciated

In a 2-stage evaporator system 1 section is running at -75kPa Gauge Pressure and the other section is running at -88kPa Gauge Pressure..the 2 section are in the 1 evaporator machine controlled by a system vacuum pump and a valve controlling the 2 different pressures.
1. Would the -88kPa section evaporate easier then the -75kPa section due to the lower pressure which makes it easier for the molecule to escape the fluid ?
2. Example:If you had 2 enclosed containers with the same temperature but 1 container had a pressure above the liquid at 100kPa and the other had a pressure above the liquid at 200kPa .Would the molecules leave the container with a 100kPa pressure easier because there is less pressure above the liquid then the 200kPa container?

Thanks again

IJ

Any drop in pressure makes evaporation more likely, as the liquid will evaporate to create extra volume to try to increase the pressure. As I said, equilibrium resists change. I don't know what the "negative pressure" thing is. If it means the pressure is closer to a vacuum (which I see as 0 pressure, but I suppose if you are counting from room pressure you can have negative), then a more negative pressure means more evaporation.
 
Hi,

Can anyone help me in designing 3 effects falling film evaporator
 

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