Expectation value of an operator to the power of n

[patric44]

Homework Statement

prove that : <A^n>=<A>^n

Relevant Equations

<A^n>=<A>^n

hi all
how do I prove that
$$
<A^{n}>=<A>^{n}
$$
It seems intuitive but how do I rigorously prove it, My attempt was like , the LHS can be written as:
$$
\bra{\Psi}\hat{A}.\hat{A}.\hat{A}...\ket{\Psi}=\lambda^{n} \bra{\Psi}\ket{\Psi}=\lambda^{n}\delta_{ii}=\lambda^{n}
$$
and the RHS equal:
$$
<A>^{n}=[\bra{\Psi}A\ket{\Psi}]^{n}=\lambda^{n}[\bra{\Psi}\ket{\Psi}]^{n}=\lambda^{n}[\delta_{ii}]^{n}=\lambda^{n}
$$
Is my proof rigurus enough or there are other formal proof for that

 

[anuttarasammyak]

A counter example. For ground state of a partricle in a box [-a,a],
<x>=0 but &lt;x^2&gt; \ \ &gt;\ \ &lt;x&gt;^2=0

Your proof seems to be all right only when $\Psi$ is an eigenstate of A with eigenvalue $\lambda$.

 

[PeroK]

Homework Statement: prove that : <A^n>=<A>^n

Note that for $n = 2$, the variance is not necessarily zero:
$$\sigma^2(A) =\langle A^2 \rangle - \langle A \rangle^2 \ne 0$$In general, you can derive an expression for $\langle A^n \rangle - \langle A \rangle^n$ by starting with:
$$\langle[A - \langle A \rangle]^n \rangle$$And expanding using the Binomial Theorem.