Fine structure constant probably doesn't vary with direction in space

[granpa]

Can you give some reference about this evidence?

I would be curious to read about this too.

 

[Jonathan Scott]

Can you give some reference about this evidence?

I'm referring to the recent news from ESO about a star in the Westerlund 1 cluster with a mass of at least 40 times that of the sun having apparently unexpectedly collapsed into a magnetar instead of a black hole. Here's a link:http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1034/"

 

[TrickyDicky]

I'm referring to the recent news from ESO about a star in the Westerlund 1 cluster with a mass of at least 40 times that of the sun having apparently unexpectedly collapsed into a magnetar instead of a black hole. Here's a link:http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1034/"

Fascinating stuff, thanks.

 

[twofish-quant]

Large scale electric fields cannot build up in the plasma; the electric field gradient would rapidly cause mixing of charges.

But you could have a situation where there are lots of small electric fields. Say caused by black holes.

Magnetic fields in galaxy clusters typically have strength of ~ microGauss, which is roughly 9 orders of magnitude below the strength required to cause significant effects.

That's the overall field. If the objects are 10 pc to 100 pc and an area of active star formation, it's very easy to imagine large numbers of black holes generating very strong magnetic fields.

 

[twofish-quant]

In that case, quasars could for example be huge star-like objects with an extremely intense magnetic field, rapid spin and an intrinsically redshifted luminous surface, as in the "MECO" model.

MECO is just a name for black holes by people that don't understand general relativity and don't understand that black holes can have strong magnetic fields. Quasars *are* huge star-like objects with an extremely intense magnetic field, rapid spin and an intrinsically redshifted luminous surface.

That would mean that much of the redshift range, and hence most of the absorbing clouds, would be close to the quasar, and hence potentially affected by its intense magnetic field in a way which would increase with proximity to the quasar and hence with redshift.

Can we rule that out, or at least find some observational constraints on that possibility?

The fact that the objects are uniformly distributed suggests otherwise. Also you can tell the temperature from the clouds and if they are rapidly moving with respect to a magnetic field, you should seem massive synchrontron radiation.

 

[twofish-quant]

I'm referring to the recent news from ESO about a star in the Westerlund 1 cluster with a mass of at least 40 times that of the sun having apparently unexpectedly collapsed into a magnetar instead of a black hole. Here's a link:http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1034/"

It's not that unexpected. Given that we have no idea how supernovas actually explode, the fact that you can have a 40 solar mass star turn into a neutron star is not *that* unexpected. Also the MECO paper is pretty much non-sense. The people writing it don't understand GR.

Also a varying alpha isn't that weird.

 

[turbo]

Quasars *are* huge star-like objects with an extremely intense magnetic field, rapid spin and an intrinsically redshifted luminous surface.

Don't say that too loudly. Intrinsic redshifts in quasars are the third rail of astronomy/cosmology. Any hint that two physically-associated astronomical bodies might have widely discordant redshifts will get you marginalized in short order.

 

[twofish-quant]

That alpha (or any coupling constant) runs under renormalization group flow is of course not in dispute. That is I think *not* what is meant by these experiments, which presumably accounts for these effects by taking appropriate ratios.

Right, and alpha happens to be the value of coupling constant when the energy scale is zero. The thing is that the fact that the energy scale is zero is quite arbitrary. Zero is the energy that you have when you are in a vacuum, and there is no particular reason that the vacuum ended up at this energy level rather than at some other one.

One thing that you could argue in 1995, is that the energy level would settle at some value that would level space time "flat" but the discovery of the accelerating universe calls that into question.

This seems to be a stronger claim, namely that alpha truly does vary with position in spacetime in a nontrivial way (eg decoupled from the thermal background).

It would. If alpha happens to be the result of the vacuum energy level being what it is, then you don't expect causally different parts of space time to settle necessarily to the same energy level.

 

[VelocideX]

Consider for example the suggestion that gravitational collapse doesn't actually occur (for which there is some recent evidence) for some unknown reason. In that case, quasars could for example be huge star-like objects with an extremely intense magnetic field, rapid spin and an intrinsically redshifted luminous surface, as in the "MECO" model. That would mean that much of the redshift range, and hence most of the absorbing clouds, would be close to the quasar, and hence potentially affected by its intense magnetic field in a way which would increase with proximity to the quasar and hence with redshift.

Can we rule that out, or at least find some observational constraints on that possibility?

How do you explain the fact that the host galaxies of the quasar absorbers can be identified in many cases?
e.g. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...487..583B

Also, this does also does nothing to explain the Lyman-alpha forest -- the dense series of Lyman alpha transitions along the line of sight to the quasar which all occur below the Lyman alpha emission peak. High column density Lyman alpha absorbers have been identified with host galaxies at cosmological redshifts. Hydrodynamic Lambda-CDM simulations reproduce the observed statistical properties of the forest as far as I know. No-one takes the gravitational redshift explanation for quasar sources seriously anymore.

 

[twofish-quant]

Don't say that too loudly. Intrinsic redshifts in quasars are the third rail of astronomy/cosmology. Any hint that two physically-associated astronomical bodies might have widely discordant redshifts will get you marginalized in short order.

That's funny because I don't recall anyone asking me to turn in my astrophysics card when we talk about this sort of stuff at lunch.

Suggesting that associated astronomical bodies *might* have discordant redshifts won't get you looked at funny. It's when you telling that the person you are talking to that they are an idiot and part of an evil conspiracy that will get you problems.

 

[twofish-quant]

No-one takes the gravitational redshift explanation for quasar sources seriously anymore.

Yup.

And one point that I'm trying to make here is that while "quasars are caused by gravitational redshift" is considered a nutty idea by people in the field, the idea that "the fine structure constant may be varying in space and time" isn't, and there are theoretical reasons why you are getting telescope time to look at this whereas as the gravitational redshift people aren't.

 

[turbo]

That's funny because I don't recall anyone asking me to turn in my astrophysics card when we talk about this sort of stuff at lunch.

Suggesting that associated astronomical bodies *might* have discordant redshifts won't get you looked at funny. It's when you telling that the person you are talking to that they are an idiot and part of an evil conspiracy that will get you problems.

What do you think of NGC 7603? Cosmic coincidence, chance projection, or a real viable example of 4 interacting astronomical bodies (excluding the bridge as an entity) having a wide range of redshifts.

My co-conspirators and I are taking baby-steps, studying redshift differentials in M-51 type galaxy associations. Getting published is easy. Getting people to think about the implications is a bit more problematic.

 

[twofish-quant]

Large scale electric fields cannot build up in the plasma; the electric field gradient would rapidly cause mixing of charges.

Magnetic fields in galaxy clusters typically have strength of ~ microGauss, which is roughly 9 orders of magnitude below the strength required to cause significant effects.

One other question. Have you tested your code to see what happens if you do have stray electric and magnetic fields? The general electric and magnetic field in the IGM might be microGauss, but if you have a large number of black holes and neutron stars in the cloud, you can easily get tesla level magnetic fields within the cloud.

Not to say this is a bad thing. Discovering that clouds are highly magnetized is as interesting as finding a varying alpha.

 

[VelocideX]

One other question. Have you tested your code to see what happens if you do have stray electric and magnetic fields? The general electric and magnetic field in the IGM might be microGauss, but if you have a large number of black holes and neutron stars in the cloud, you can easily get tesla level magnetic fields within the cloud.

What would be the origin of large numbers of neutron stars and black holes in the IGM?

 

[Old Smuggler]

But you can already. Look at the doppler shift with respect to CMB. If the difference in alpha is due to some big-bang field that is weakening over time, then I don't see any problems that are worse than the fact that the CMB creates a preferred reference frame.

It seems that I did not express myself clearly enough. What I had in mind, was a theory of varying
alpha in flat space-time. How do you construct such a theory compatible with SR? Even if you
could declare a preferred inertial frame in flat space-time, it would be arbitrary.

Sure. The preferred reference frame of the CMB.

That is not a preferred frame in the sense we are discussing here.

A preferred frame could be part of the gravitational physics of some metric theory of gravity without
violating the EEP (but the SEP would be violated). In that case, the preferred frame cannot be
detected by doing local non-gravitational experiments. If it can, the the preferred frame must be part
of some flat space-time theory to fulfil the EEP.

Of course, according to GR, the frame of the CMB is preferred in neither way, it is just a frame where
a lot of stuff is at rest, on average.

I'm still not seeing out a time shifting alpha is worse than dark energy. You could in principle measure the space time curvature that is caused by dark energy, and that is going to change over time.

That's part of the gravitational physics, and is consistent with GR with an exotic energy field as
source. A time-shifting alpha raises more fundamental problems.

I still don't see how a time varying alpha field is worse than dark energy or anything else that is already in the standard model, and none of those is considered to break GR. One thing that should be pointed out is that in the 1960's these sorts of arguments were taken pretty seriously as reasons why the BB could not be correct. The BB creates a preferred reference frame.

A preferred frame that can be detected locally, by gravitational or non-gravitational experiments,
does indeed break GR.

For example, you can come up with a theory in which dark energy creates some sort of shielding effect on electric charge and as the universe expands, changes in dark energy causes observable effects in alpha.

This seems too speculative for my taste. Anyway, the problem is also how alpha varies in vacuum.

 

[Old Smuggler]

And if you attribute the change in time of alpha over time is due to the X-field, which you can set differently for different parts or space by increasing or decreasing the strength of the X-field.

But what does the variation of the X-field depend on? Is there a theory of the X-field in flat
space-time? It seems that all you have done, is to transfer the problems of varying alpha to the
X-field.

If you view alpha as some fundamental property of the universe then I can see the issue, but most high energy physicists don't.

I am inclined to believe that the universe has some fundamental properties. The reason why alpha
does/does not vary might well be one of them. And I cannot really see that you have answered my
specific concerns regarding varying alpha. Note that I do not say that the idea of varying alpha is
"nutty" or something like that, I just claim that it is radical, and with no particular theoretical motivation
how to change the mainstream framework to implement it. To me, this seems to signify another dead end.

Yes this sounds a lot like the return of ether, but so what? Among the theoretical cosmological community there isn't this idolatry of mathematical principles that you seem to think exists.

We seem to have very different philosophies how to do science. I prefer parsimonity combined
with a careful assessment of observational results. That is, any extra assumptions specifically made
to make observational results fit theory, is regarded with strong suspicion. Besides, I am well aware
that what is presented as observational "facts" may well depend crucially on theoretical assumptions
made when analyzing the data. Therefore it is important to analyze data within different frameworks.

Since our views do not seem to converge, I think it's just as well to stop here, and just agree to
disagree.

 

[twofish-quant]

What would be the origin of large numbers of neutron stars and black holes in the IGM?

You said yourself that the clouds were likely to be in the halo of galaxies. You have a self-gravitating cloud of hydrogen. It's likely that you will have massive star formation. In any case you know that there has had to have been some star formation in the clouds. Otherwise how did the Mg and Fe get there?

So what I'm proposing is that you have these clouds of Mg and Fe because they were undergoing massive star formation, and if that's the situation then you should have large numbers of black holes and neutron stars in the clouds.

I think it's going to be rather difficult for you to come up with a scenario in which you have strong Mg and Fe lines in which you don't have some neutron stars or black holes floating around somewhere from the supernova that produced those elements.

Also should I infer from the line of questioning that you haven't done an experiment to see if stray magnetic or electric fields will cause some effects mimicking a change in the fine structure constant? If you haven't or if you have and it turns out it does, then I think you should mention in the paper that you are assuming that the clouds don't have strong magnetic or electric fields in them.

 

[twofish-quant]

But what does the variation of the X-field depend on? Is there a theory of the X-field in flat
space-time? It seems that all you have done, is to transfer the problems of varying alpha to the X-field.

At that point we are in the world of string theory, and supersymmetry in which you can make up a dozen fields, and no one will mind.

We seem to have very different philosophies how to do science. I prefer parsimonity combined with a careful assessment of observational results. That is, any extra assumptions specifically made to make observational results fit theory, is regarded with strong suspicion.

Maybe it's because we are in different fields. The problem is that in my field (supernova research) parsimonity just doesn't work. There are about twenty different things happening and they all interact with each other.

When you are in the world of GR, you can get away with parsimonity, but that comes at the cost of ignoring much of the rest of the universe. Once you get out of the nice clean world of GR into the messy real work, then parsimonity just doesn't work.

 

[VelocideX]

Also should I infer from the line of questioning that you haven't done an experiment to see if stray magnetic or electric fields will cause some effects mimicking a change in the fine structure constant? If you haven't or if you have and it turns out it does, then I think you should mention in the paper that you are assuming that the clouds don't have strong magnetic or electric fields in them.

Large scale electric fields have never been observed in astrophysics AFAIK. The issue of magnetic fields was dealt with in a 2001 paper on systematic effects and the statements made were uncontroversial then. The magnetic field strength in the strong absorbers has been inferred from Faraday rotation and is just too small.

As I noted earlier, our paper only has 4 pages. Even the long forthcoming paper doesn't describe everything in detail. All our current papers refer to the 2003 paper on systematics, which itself refers to the 2001 paper on systematics.

 

[twofish-quant]

Just for some more of the theory of what is going on...

There are not only papers on varying constants, there are also textbooks and conferences

https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402011385/?tag=pfamazon01-20

http://www.springerlink.com/content/e5ukm4rty3k93c28/

Also some papers

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/hep-ph/pdf/0204/0204142v2.pdf

* Indeed, it is well known that in string theory any coupling constant is promoted to a vacuum expectation value (vev) of a scalar field such as the dilaton or some other modulus. If this scalar field is extremely light, m  10−33 eV, its expectation value could be still evolving in the recent past (or even today.)

Here is a very interesting paper "Questioning the Equivalence Principle"

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0109/0109063v1.pdf

* The Equivalence Principle (EP) is not one of the “universal” principles
of physics (like the Action Principle). It is a heuristic hypothesis
which was introduced by Einstein in 1907, and used by him to construct
his theory of General Relativity.

* An experimental “violation” of the EP would not at all shake the foundations of physics
(nor would it mean that Einstein’s theory is basically “wrong”). Such a violation
might simply mean that the gravitational interaction is more complex
than previously assumed, and contains, in addition to the basic Einsteinian
spin-2 interaction, the effect of another long-range field.

• String theory suggests the existence of new gravitational-strength
fields, notably scalar ones (“dilaton” or “moduli”), whose couplings
to matter violate the equivalence principle. These fields can induce a
spacetime variability of the coupling constants of physics (such as the
fine-structure constant).

 

[Haelfix]

But what does the variation of the X-field depend on? Is there a theory of the X-field in flat
space-time? It seems that all you have done, is to transfer the problems of varying alpha to the X-field.

The problem isn't introducing this field, indeed such things show up in HEP theories all the time, as Quant explained. The problem is explaining why it's natural.

If the field is massive and cosmological in origin, you expect that the physics that originated it occurred sometime in the very early universe. The typical mass scale would be, say grand unification or Planck scales. The problem is that such a field would give totally negligable contributions in experimental searches in ordinary galactic physics, so that probably isn't what is responsible.

Really, what you need is a field that is massless or almost massless, and you want it to be very slowly varying (so that it doesn't produce completely ridiculous physics). Now if the field was massless or almost massless, you do run the risk of introducing new (real or apparent) long range forces that would *likely* start running afoul of solar system equivalence principle tests.

http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0111282

However there is a bit of a tightrope that you can walk in this sort of game, but typically it comes with steep phenomenological baggage and or arbitrary tweaking. All this is general, the additional problem faced with changing alpha, is to explain why the physics only targets this coupling constant and not the others. Prima facie, it requires a terribly adhoc and explicit symmetry breaking term but anyway I digress.

The point is, if the result is true (and I am skeptical of course given the dirty business and complications in measuring quasar spectral line's and controlling the possible systematics), it's goign to be rather unlovely to explain theoretically.

 

[Jonathan Scott]

How do you explain the fact that the host galaxies of the quasar absorbers can be identified in many cases?
e.g. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...487..583B

Also, this does also does nothing to explain the Lyman-alpha forest -- the dense series of Lyman alpha transitions along the line of sight to the quasar which all occur below the Lyman alpha emission peak. High column density Lyman alpha absorbers have been identified with host galaxies at cosmological redshifts. Hydrodynamic Lambda-CDM simulations reproduce the observed statistical properties of the forest as far as I know. No-one takes the gravitational redshift explanation for quasar sources seriously anymore.

Thanks for the reference. I think the suggestion is only that part of the redshift is intrinsic, by no means all of it, so identification of intervening host galaxies provides limits on the amount of intrinsic redshift, but does not rule it out.

Also, Arp's controversial observations have always indicated that quasars which appear to be closer to their "parent galaxy" have higher redshifts, which suggests that quasars lose their intrinsic redshift as they age and "mature" into new galactic cores.

From what I've heard (although I admit I don't have any references to hand), the Lyman-alpha forest is not actually uniform with redshift, so any explanation involves some sort of evolution, usually expressed as a power law, and I've heard that although the number density towards different objects of similar redshift is often statistically similar, there is a surprising amount of variation, and it is difficult to match up the varying densities consistently with different redshifts.

 

[twofish-quant]

Thanks for the reference. I think the suggestion is only that part of the redshift is intrinsic, by no means all of it, so identification of intervening host galaxies provides limits on the amount of intrinsic redshift, but does not rule it out.

It's not inconceivable that quasars have some intrinsic redshift, but no one has suggested a mechanism that gives you redshifts that have anything close to the Hubble flow.

Also, Arp's controversial observations have always indicated that quasars which appear to be closer to their "parent galaxy" have higher redshifts, which suggests that quasars lose their intrinsic redshift as they age and "mature" into new galactic cores.

No one takes Arp's observations seriously now. As we've gotten better and better observations of quasars, Arp's ideas are taken less and less seriously.

From what I've heard (although I admit I don't have any references to hand), the Lyman-alpha forest is not actually uniform with redshift, so any explanation involves some sort of evolution, usually expressed as a power law

That's correct, but the problem for people that assert that quasars are not cosmological need to explain why there is a lyman alpha forest at all.

 

[twofish-quant]

One thing to remember is that I'm a theorist, so my job involves coming up with explanations. If you start seeing independent confirmations of varying alpha over the next year or two none of this matters, and you can collect your Nobel prize without worrying about any of this. (That's not sarcastic, if this observation holds, then someone will be in line for a Nobel.)

What I'm interested right now is imagining what the possibilities are if people continue to get null results.

Large scale electric fields have never been observed in astrophysics AFAIK.

Neither have time varying alphas until now. :-) :-)

The issue of magnetic fields was dealt with in a 2001 paper on systematic effects and the statements made were uncontroversial then. The magnetic field strength in the strong absorbers has been inferred from Faraday rotation and is just too small.

I'll look at the 2001 paper, but something to realize is that people in doing Faraday studies have been looking at microgauss strengths, and if the light goes through a reason of tens of gauss oriented in random directions, the likely outcome is that any preexisting polarization is going to get lost, and so what you'll see is something unpolarized.

 

[cristo]

This thread has strayed too far from the PF rules of allowing discussion on only published, peer-reviewed articles. Thus, I'm locking this thread now. This topic can be reopened when the paper is published.