# Fourier series and orthogonality, completeness

http://ms.mcmaster.ca/courses/20102011/term4/math2zz3/Lecture1.pdf

On pg 10, the example says f(x)=/=0 while R.H.S is zero. It is an equations started from the assumption in pg 9; f(x)=c0f(x)0+c1f(x)1…, then how do we get inequality?

if the system is complete and orthogonal, then (f(x),ϕ_n(x))=0, which makes sense only when f(x)=0.
but we know for fourier series, we get values for Rhs and Lhs.

DrClaude
Mentor
if the system is complete and orthogonal, then (f(x),ϕ_n(x))=0, which makes sense only when f(x)=0.
That's the key word. The comment on p. 10 is for an arbitrary orthogonal system. That is why completeness is necessary, as explained on p. 11.

kidsasd987
That's the key word. The comment on p. 10 is for an arbitrary orthogonal system. That is why completeness is necessary, as explained on p. 11.

Could you explain the details?

Also, if (f(x),ϕ_n(x))=0 holds in general for complete series, then fourier series must be also zero since they are complete.

however we know that for signals we do get values within the interval of pi and -pi. is this because what we usually solve for signal input f(t) is not complete?

so we are approximating the signal?

DrClaude
Mentor
Could you explain the details?
Look at p. 12, where an example is given of an orthogonal system that is not complete. Using only cosines, you could never write an expression for e.g. sin(x).

Also, if (f(x),ϕ_n(x))=0 holds in general for complete series, then fourier series must be also zero since they are complete.
But it's the other way around. If ##(f, \phi_n) = 0## for a given ##f(x)## and for all ##\phi_n##, then ##\{\phi_n\}## is not a complete set.

however we know that for signals we do get values within the interval of pi and -pi. is this because what we usually solve for signal input f(t) is not complete?

so we are approximating the signal?
I'm not sure what you are asking here. If the signal is periodic but not on the interval ##[-\pi,\pi]##, then it is trivial to scale/shift it to that interval. If the signal is finite in time, then it is delt with the same way. If the signal is not finite, or only part of it is known, then indeed thre are approximations being made.