Heine-Borel Theorem: Bounded & Closed Set Covered by Finite Open Subsets

[pivoxa15]

Why does the set have to be (bounded) and closed in order for there being finitely many open subsets that can completely cover it?

My question is concerned with the closed aspect (I know why it has to be bounded). So why can't a bounded and open set be able to be covered by finitely many open subsets?

 

[Rach3]

Keep in mind - you're talking about a finite subcover of any arbitrary open cover!

An example, of a non-closed bounded set in R which is not compact:

S=\{1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{8}...\}

and this particular open cover:
O=\{(1-\frac{1}{4},1+\frac{1}{4}),(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{8},\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{8}),...\}

(So that the ith open interval contains only the ith element in S, and no other element of S)

 

[AKG]

Every set can be covered by finitely many open sets. In fact, every set can be covered by a single open set, that open set being the entire space. Compactness says that given any open covering, there is a finite subcovering. Both (0,1) and [0,1] have {(-1,2)} as an open covering. And in both cases, both of them can take a finite subcovering from this covering. But I could give you a much "nastier" open covering of (0,1) for which you won't be able to pick a finite covering. On the other hand, no matter what nasty open covering I try to think up for [0,1], you can always pick a finite number of sets from that covering that will cover [0,1].

 

[pivoxa15]

The version of the Heine-Borel Theorem as I understand it is:
Let S be closed and bounded subset of R. Then S is a subset of (or can be covered by) finitely many open subsets of R.

Could you relate the above to 'every open cover of S has a finite subcover'.
What is 'a finite subcover'? One cover is always finite.

 

[Euclid]

A cover of a set E by open sets is a collection \mathcal{C} = \{O_\alpha\}_{\alpha \in J\} such that E \subset \bigcup\limits_{\alpha \in J} O_\alpha.
A subcover of \mathcal{C} is any subset of \mathcal{C}. A finite subcover is simply a finite subset of \mathcal{C}.

Edit: The subcover must of course still cover E (i.e., E is contained in the union).

As AKG points out, any set can be covered by finitely many open sets, so the version of the Heine-Borel theorem you are talking of is clearly not the same one as "every open cover has a finite subcover".

 

[matt grime]

The version of the Heine-Borel Theorem as I understand it is:
Let S be closed and bounded subset of R. Then S is a subset of (or can be covered by) finitely many open subsets of R.

Then you do not understand the Heine-Borel theorem. Indeed that 'theorem' you state is meaningless. Any subset of any topological space can be coverered by a finite number of open sets, namely 1: the whole space.

 

[pivoxa15]

I did not fully understand the Heine-Borel theorem. Now I understand that it is, For any open cover of S there exist a finite number of open subcovers that also completely cover S.

I have also understood why S must be closed and bounded in order to satisfy the Heine-Borel property.

But why must the (first) cover of S be open? I understand why each subcover must be open.

 

[matt grime]

That question doesn't make any sense. It doesn't make any sense to state you understand why one is open and the other not. They are after all just hypotheses.

 

[pivoxa15]

That question doesn't make any sense. It doesn't make any sense to state you understand why one is open and the other not. They are after all just hypotheses.

In the version of the proof I have, it used the fact that all the elements in the subcover are open. But the fact that the cover was open was not mentioned or used.

I could have a set S=[0,1] than I could cover it by the set [-1,2]. I could than take out a finite number of open subcovers of [-1,2] that completely cover S.

But than with the same set S=[0,1], I could cover it with [0,1] but I can't create a finite number of open subcovers of [0,1] that also cover S. So in this sense, one can't claim that Every closed cover of S has a finite subcover. Instead Every open cover of S has a finite subcover. But its not false that Some closed cover of S has a finite subcover.

 

[Muzza]

In the version of the proof I have, it used the fact that all the elements in the subcover are open. But the fact that the cover was open was not mentioned or used.

"The covering is open" <=> "all elements in the covering are open".

I could have a set S=[0,1] than I could cover it by the set [-1,2]. I could than take out a finite number of open subcovers of [-1,2] that completely cover S.

[-1, 2] is not a covering of [0, 1].

{[-1, 2]} is a covering of [0, 1].

{[-1, 2]} is not an open covering of [0, 1] (so Heine-Borel doesn't apply anyway).

{(-1, 2)} is an open covering of [0, 1], and indeed, there is a subcovering of {(-1, 2)} which also covers [0, 1] - namely {(-1, 2)} itself!

But than with the same set S=[0,1], I could cover it with [0,1] but I can't create a finite number of open subcovers of [0,1] that also cover S.

C := {[0, 1]} covers S and there IS a finite subcover of C which also covers S (C is itself a finite covering). But still, I don't see your point - C isn't an open covering...

 

[pivoxa15]

"The covering is open" <=> "all elements in the covering are open".
[-1, 2] is not a covering of [0, 1].

{[-1, 2]} is a covering of [0, 1].

{[-1, 2]} is not an open covering of [0, 1] (so Heine-Borel doesn't apply anyway).

{(-1, 2)} is an open covering of [0, 1], and indeed, there is a subcovering of {(-1, 2)} which also covers [0, 1] - namely {(-1, 2)} itself!

I understand that Heine-Borel applies to open coverings only. My question is why not include some closed coverings since some closed covers also has a finite subcover (that cover S)?

Thank you for pointing out the errors in my previous post.

C := {[0, 1]} covers S and there IS a finite subcover of C which also covers S (C is itself a finite covering). But still, I don't see your point - C isn't an open covering...

My point is that in this example, any open subcover of C will not cover S. The subcover {[0,1]} will cover S as you pointed out but it is not an open subcover. Therefore not every closed cover of S will have a finite (open) subcover. But some closed cover of S will have a finite (open) subcover shown from the examples I gave. As some people point out, it is a pretty irrelavant thing (concerning the Heine-Borel theorem) but an observation nonetheless.

 

[HallsofIvy]

The version of the Heine-Borel Theorem as I understand it is:
Let S be closed and bounded subset of R. Then S is a subset of (or can be covered by) finitely many open subsets of R.

Could you relate the above to 'every open cover of S has a finite subcover'.
What is 'a finite subcover'? One cover is always finite.

Then your "understanding" is completely wrong. The simplest wording of the Heine-Borel theorem is that a set in R (more generally Rⁿ) is compact if and only if it is both closed and bounded.

"Compact" means: every open cover contains a finite subcover. It is NOT just that it can be covered by finitely many open subsets of R (as pointed out above, R itself is an open set that covers every subset: every subset of R can be covered by one open set). What you want is that if you have any covering of a set, A, by open sets then some finite subset of THAT covering will cover A.

 

[HallsofIvy]

I understand that Heine-Borel applies to open coverings only. My question is why not include some closed coverings since some closed covers also has a finite subcover (that cover S)?

Thank you for pointing out all the errors in my previous post.

You could- but that's a different theorem.

 

[pivoxa15]

Then your "understanding" is completely wrong. The simplest wording of the Heine-Borel theorem is that a set in R (more generally Rⁿ) is compact if and only if it is both closed and bounded.

"Compact" means: every open cover contains a finite subcover. It is NOT just that it can be covered by finitely many open subsets of R (as pointed out above, R itself is an open set that covers every subset: every subset of R can be covered by one open set). What you want is that if you have any covering of a set, A, by open sets then some finite subset of THAT covering will cover A.

I have already realized this.

 

[pivoxa15]

You could- but that's a different theorem.

Just out of interest, what is the theorm called?

 

[kaosAD]

Just out of interest, what is the theorm called?

No such theorem exists. If it does, it is probably useless. If we replaced open subcovers with closed subcovers, then even closed and bounded set can possesses such cover with no finite (closed) subcovers. For example:

Define closed interval I_n = [1/n, 2] for all n \in \mathbb{N}. Then the cover

C = \left(\bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} I_i \right) \cup [-1,0]

covers a closed and bounded set A = [0,1]. But there is no finite closed subcovers of C that can cover A.

In other words, closed subcovers just ruined what Heine-Borel Theorem suppose to prove. That is why you never see closed subcovers being discussed.

 

[HallsofIvy]

Just out of interest, what is the theorm called?

Not every theorem has a name!

 

[pivoxa15]

No such theorem exists. If it does, it is probably useless. If we replaced open subcovers with closed subcovers, then even closed and bounded set can possesses such cover with no finite (closed) subcovers. For example:

Define closed interval I_n = [1/n, 2] for all n \in \mathbb{N}. Then the cover

C = \left(\bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} I_i \right) \cup [-1,0]

covers a closed and bounded set A = [0,1]. But there is no finite closed subcovers of C that can cover A.

In other words, closed subcovers just ruined what Heine-Borel Theorem suppose to prove. That is why you never see closed subcovers being discussed.

I accepted that every subcover must be open and even indicated that it was essential in the proof of Heine-Borel.

What I observed was that Some closed cover of S can also have a finite number of open subcovers that cover S. Although this observation is quite useless and irrelevant to the Heine-Borel.

 

[HallsofIvy]

Sorry, I didn't mean to imply that there was a direct analog to Heine-Borel using "closed" covers.

In fact, since (in metric spaces at least) all singleton sets are closed, one possible "closed" cover for a set would be the collection of singleton sets for all points in the set. In other words:

Every "closed" cover for A contains a finite sub-cover if and only if A is a finite set!

And, of course, since every finite set is both closed and bounded, "closed and bounded" is necessary but not sufficient.

 

[kaosAD]

I accepted that every subcover must be open and even indicated that it was essential in the proof of Heine-Borel.

What I observed was that Some closed cover of S can also have a finite number of open subcovers that cover S. Although this observation is quite useless and irrelevant to the Heine-Borel.

I am not surprise (in fact, none of us is!) with your observation -- it is trivially true! You must have missed the most crucial point about Heine-Borel theorem that many had tried to get to you. The theorem does not argue anything about there does not exist a cover that has finite (open/closed) subcovering for the set in question. In fact, the statement is trivially not true at all, fullstop. But, it does state that every open cover must have a finite subcover for the set in question for it to be compact. You should read carefully https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=960197&postcount=12".

Also it is useless to talk about a cover being closed or open. What is more important is its subcovers are all open. The union of arbitrary open sets is open, so it follows directly that the cover must be open. As a side note, the converse is not true.

Hope that helps.

 

[HallsofIvy]

What I observed was that Some closed cover of S can also have a finite number of open subcovers that cover S. Although this observation is quite useless and irrelevant to the Heine-Borel.

kaosAD said this is trivially true. I'm wondering what you MEAN by it!

A "closed cover", A, of S means (in analogy with "open cover") a collection of closed sets such that every point of S is in at least one of the closed sets in A. What could you possibly mean by "open subcover"? There are no open sets in in A so there cannot be any collection of open sets in A that cover S.

 

[kaosAD]

kaosAD said this is trivially true. I'm wondering what you MEAN by it!

A "closed cover", A, of S means (in analogy with "open cover") a collection of closed sets such that every point of S is in at least one of the closed sets in A. What could you possibly mean by "open subcover"? There are no open sets in in A so there cannot be any collection of open sets in A that cover S.

It was my fault, HallsofIvy, for being ignorant. I could have pointed out his mistake about "open subcover". I took that as a typo, as I did not wish to argue much on that matter (I wished to go straight to the main point). Anyway I did mention the union of arbitrary open sets is open in passing (so I was not at all that ignorant) ;)

 

[pivoxa15]

kaosAD said this is trivially true. I'm wondering what you MEAN by it!

A "closed cover", A, of S means (in analogy with "open cover") a collection of closed sets such that every point of S is in at least one of the closed sets in A. What could you possibly mean by "open subcover"? There are no open sets in in A so there cannot be any collection of open sets in A that cover S.

a) If you can argue that the set {(-1,2)} covers the closed and bounded set S=[0,1]. Moreover, there is a finite number of open sets in {(-1,2)} that cover S, namely {(-1,2)}.

b) Than I could state that the set {[-1,2], (-1,2)} covers the closed and bounded set S=[0,1]. Moreover, there is a finite number of open (sub)sets in {[-1,2], (-1,2)}, namely {(-1,2)} that also cover S. Would you call the set {[-1,2], (-1,2)} a closed or open cover of S?
If closed (because [-1,2] is larger and covers (-1,2) hence their union is closed) than it is the case that some closed covers of S has a finite number of open subcover(s).

I hope what I have stated is correct. If it is correct than I agree it is a trivial point. I understand that the main point of the Heine-Borel theorem is that Every open cover of S has a finite subcover <=> S is a closed and bounded set.

 

[kaosAD]

Let me clarify. An open cover for a set A is a collection of open sets whose union contains A. Similar definition goes for closed cover, as noted by HallsofIvy. If you stick to this definition, then it resolves your question b).

With that in mind, and to avoid confusion, don't use "open/closed cover" to mean "cover being open/closed (in union sense)". The following shows they are not the same.

To find out if an open cover is open or closed (in union sense), we use the following argument. Since open cover is a collection of open sets and that the union of arbitrary open sets is open. Then open cover is open [in union sense]. A closed cover, on the other hand, is not necessarily closed [in union sense].

In summary, you cannot take a cover being open (in union sense) to imply open cover and closed cover to imply cover being closed (in union sense).

Note:
1) "Finite number of open subcover(s)" and "Finite open subcover(s)" mean different things.
2) I spot a typo in https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=961214&postcount=20". What I meant to write was - What is more important is its elements are all open.

 

[pivoxa15]

Note:
1) "Finite number of open subcover(s)" and "Finite open subcover(s)" mean different things.
2) I spot a typo in my previous post. What I meant to write was - What is more important is its elements are all open.

I take it that the elements you were referring to are open subsets of R.

Does the difference lie in the fact that "Finite number of open subcover(s)" mean a finite number of subsets of the original set that can cover S with each subset not necessilary containing finitely number of open subsets of R.

And "Finite open subcover(s)" mean one or more subset of the original set that can cover S with a finite number of elements or open subsets of R.

 

[loopgrav]

I just noticed this thread, and it seems really silly to me that it has gone on so long. So as a new observer, let me summarize what I think the essential points are from a fresh point of view.

First of all, in any metric space (and hence in an arbitrary topological space) the union of an arbitrary collection of open sets is open, and the intersection of a finite collection of open sets is open. By deMorgan's theorems (the complement of a union is the intersection of the complements etc) and the fact that a set is defined to be closed if its complement is open, it follows that the intersection of an arbitrary collection of closed sets is closed, and the union of a finite collection of closed sets is closed. Note that the union of the (infinite) collection of closed subsets of R given by [-1+1/n, 1-1/n] is equal to the open set (-1, 1), but no finite subcollection will cover this open interval. Similarly, the intersection of the infinite collection of open sets (-1/n, 1/n) is the closed set {0}.

As pointed out by someone else above, a set A is defined to be compact if EVERY open cover of A has a finite subcover. In other words, for ANY collection {A_i} of open sets that covers a set A (ie, for every x in A there exists an A_j such that x is in A_j) there must be a finite number of the A_i that also covers A. Thus we see that (-1, 1) is not compact.

One last needed definition. First, let a, b be points in R^n (ie, a and b are each n-tuples of numbers a^i and b^i for i=1, ..., n) and assume that a^i < b^i for each i. Then the set of all points x in R^n such that a^i is less than or equal to x^i is less than or equal to b^i is called an n-cell (or an n-dimensional rectangle). We say that a subset A of R^n is bounded if it can be enclosed in an n-cell.

Finally, the Heine-Borel theorem says that a subset A of R^n is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.

I think this is a finite subcover of all of the important things covered in the posts above.

 

[pivoxa15]

Let me clarify. An open cover for a set A is a collection of open sets whose union contains A. Similar definition goes for closed cover, as noted by HallsofIvy. If you stick to this definition, then it resolves your question b).

With that in mind, and to avoid confusion, don't use "open/closed cover" to mean "cover being open/closed (in union sense)". The following shows they are not the same.

To find out if an open cover is open or closed (in union sense), we use the following argument. Since open cover is a collection of open sets and that the union of arbitrary open sets is open. Then open cover is open [in union sense]. A closed cover, on the other hand, is not necessarily closed [in union sense].

In summary, you cannot take a cover being open (in union sense) to imply open cover and closed cover to imply cover being closed (in union sense).

Note:
1) "Finite number of open subcover(s)" and "Finite open subcover(s)" mean different things.
2) I spot a typo in https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=961214&postcount=20". What I meant to write was - What is more important is its elements are all open.

Are you saying
'open cover <=> collection of only open sets'
'closed cover <=> collection of only closed sets'

What happens if you have a combination of open and closed sets in your cover? What would the cover be called? Would it be called 'neither open nor closed cover'?

You said 'the union of arbitrary open sets is open'
What happens if you have an infinite number of open sets?

 

[pivoxa15]

I just noticed this thread, and it seems really silly to me that it has gone on so long. So as a new observer, let me summarize what I think the essential points are from a fresh point of view.

First of all, in any metric space (and hence in an arbitrary topological space) the union of an arbitrary collection of open sets is open, and the intersection of a finite collection of open sets is open. By deMorgan's theorems (the complement of a union is the intersection of the complements etc) and the fact that a set is defined to be closed if its complement is open, it follows that the intersection of an arbitrary collection of closed sets is closed, and the union of a finite collection of closed sets is closed. Note that the union of the (infinite) collection of closed subsets of R given by [-1+1/n, 1-1/n] is equal to the open set (-1, 1), but no finite subcollection will cover this open interval. Similarly, the intersection of the infinite collection of open sets (-1/n, 1/n) is the closed set {0}.

I take it that whenever you write arbitrary, it includes an infinite quantity.

How can you justify that the union of an infinite number of open sets is open only? i.e. {(-n,n)} where n an element of the integers. The complement of this set is the empty set which is clopen or open and closed. So {(-n,n)} can be closed as well. Therefore it is clopen.

What about your claim that the intersection of an arbitrary number of closed sets is closed only? i.e. {[-n,n]} where n an element of the integes. The intesection of this set is again the empty set which is clopen. So the intersection is not just closed but open as well so it is clopen.

I like to clear these questions first before talking about the Heine-Borel theorem.

 

[loopgrav]

An arbitrary (ie possibly infinite) union is easily seen to be open, and it may very well also be closed (for example, if it is equal to the whole space under consideration), but that is irrelevant to this discussion.

As to the closed sets [-n, n] for n=0, 1, 2, ... the intersection is {0} which is not empty-- it is closed.

I think you need to do some thinking on your own, study something good and readable like Simmons' "Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis," Gemignani's "Elementary Topology" or the appendices in Broida & Williamson's "A Comprehensive Introduction to Linear Algebra", or maybe find a new subject to interest you.

 

[matt grime]

I take it that whenever you write arbitrary, it includes an infinite quantity.

correct.

How can you justify that the union of an infinite number of open sets is open only?

because it is easy to prove from the definitions.

i.e. {(-n,n)} where n an element of the integers. The complement of this set is the empty set which is clopen or open and closed. So {(-n,n)} can be closed as well. Therefore it is clopen.

what has this to do with anything?

What about your claim that the intersection of an arbitrary number of closed sets is closed only? i.e. {[-n,n]} where n an element of the integes. The intesection of this set is again the empty set which is clopen. So the intersection is not just closed but open as well so it is clopen.

The intersection of those set is the set {0} which is closed and is not the empty set, if we allow 0 te be a natural number. If we do not then the intersection is [-1,1], which is also closed. Even if it were the empty set, which it is not, that does not make the assertion that the intersection is closed false, does it? If something is both closed and open it is certainly closed. This is not an 'exclusive or' property.
The union of any collection of open sets WILL be open, where as the union of some collection of closed sets might be open, closed, both or neither.

The intersection of a finite number of open sets WILL be open, the intersection of an infinite number of closed sets WILL be closed.

The intersection of an infinite number of open sets might be open, closed, neither or both.

 

[pivoxa15]

The union of any collection of open sets WILL be open, where as the union of some collection of closed sets might be open, closed, both or neither.

The intersection of a finite number of open sets WILL be open, the intersection of an infinite number of closed sets WILL be closed.

The intersection of an infinite number of open sets might be open, closed, neither or both.

Let me tabulate all this to make everything clear

Union
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open
Infinite & closed = open, closed, neither or both

Intersection
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open, closed, neither or both
Infinite & closed = closedSo the interesting ones are An infinite union of closed sets and an intersection of infinitely many open sets.

 

[HallsofIvy]

Let me tabulate all this to make everything clear

Union
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open
Infinite & closed = open, closed, neither or both

Intersection
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open, closed, neither or both
Infinite & closed = closed


So the interesting ones are An infinite union of closed sets and an intersection of infinitely many open sets.

And such things are, in fact, called "Borel Sets".
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BorelSet.html

 

[matt grime]

So the interesting ones are An infinite union of closed sets and an intersection of infinitely many open sets.

that would entirely depend on your definition of interesting, I think.

 

[pivoxa15]

What I forgot to ask was whether the other two infinite sets which are

Union
Infinite & open = open only?

Intersection
Infinite & closed = closed only?were open and closed respectively for all situations. In other words are they open only and closed only?

With a union of infinitely many open sets, could it be possible that it is closed or neither or both? For example, the union of all open sets in R is R which is clopen or both open and closed. So
Union
Infinite & open = open or both?

The intersection of finitely many closed sets seems to be closed for all situations hence closed only. But that is only if we do not include the empty set as a closed set. The empty set is both open and closed so we treat it as a clopen set only. I take it that the intersection of closed sets must have each set closed and closed only. Or is this not the case? Which would mean
Intersection
Infinite & closed = closed or both?I like to know all the possibilities.

 

[matt grime]

The union of infinitely many open sets must be open, you agreed that, so it is illogical to ask if the union of infinitely many open sets might be neither open nor closed. Also, you have seen by example here that the infinite union of open sets might also be closed.

The dual statements (changing open for closed and union for interesection) are also true.

 

[pivoxa15]

So there is a little bit of change. We have

Union
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open or closed&open
Infinite & closed = open, closed, neither or both

Intersection
Finite & open = open
Finite & closed = closed
Infinite & open = open, closed, neither or both
Infinite & closed = closed or closed&open

 

[loopgrav]

Why are any of you continuing with this idiotic thread? Don't you have anything else to do?

All of his questions have been answered repeatedly, and if nothing else I gave a detailed explanation along with several excellent texts that he could study on his own. In my opinion, this forum is to help others who make an honest effort to understand a subject, but just need a little guidance. This is the most inane thread I have ever seen. We are not here to hold someones hand, especially when they are clearly in way over their heads. In fact, I find it hard to believe he is serious.

 

[pivoxa15]

Why are any of you continuing with this idiotic thread? Don't you have anything else to do?

All of his questions have been answered repeatedly, and if nothing else I gave a detailed explanation along with several excellent texts that he could study on his own. In my opinion, this forum is to help others who make an honest effort to understand a subject, but just need a little guidance. This is the most inane thread I have ever seen. We are not here to hold someones hand, especially when they are clearly in way over their heads. In fact, I find it hard to believe he is serious.

All this stuff is very new to me and I am a slow learner. I have not done any set theory beyond year 8. I probably need a better grounding in set theory (espeically regarding infinite sets) before I can read any of those books properly. What do you think of the information in post 36? Is it complete?

 

[loopgrav]

I don't know what you mean by year 8. The only texts that I know of are college level and above. You may want to go to a nearby high school and talk to a math teacher if necessary to find a text. Alternatively, go to a nearby college bookstore and look at the course texts. If you wish, give me an email address and I will send you some chapters from a text that I wrote that was published some years ago but is now out of print. It's not on set theory, but it starts out with elementary set theory, and also discusses metric spaces in fairly complete detail as far as it goes.

 

[HallsofIvy]

All this stuff is very new to me and I am a slow learner. I have not done any set theory beyond year 8. I probably need a better grounding in set theory (espeically regarding infinite sets) before I can read any of those books properly. What do you think of the information in post 36? Is it complete?

I think what loopgrav was complaining about is that it not only is complete, it is "picky" What you really need to know is:
The union of any collection of open sets is open, the intersection of any finite collection of open sets is open
and that for closed sets it's just the opposite:
The union of any finite collection of closed sets is closed and the intersection of any collection of closed sets is closed.

There are too many interesting problems in topology to get bogged down in exactly what happens in other cases.

 

[loopgrav]

Pivoxa15:

What HallsofIvy says is exactly correct. Just apply the definition (in a metric space) of open to see that ANY collection of open sets is open, and a FINITE intersection of open sets is also open. THIS IS ALL YOU KNOW FOR SURE (plus the fact that by definition the empty set and the full space X are open). Everything else is a consequence of these two statements. You can't say anything else in general about unions or intersections -- each case must be handled individually.

To get to closed sets, use deMorgans laws (the complement of a union is the intersection of the complements) and the fact that a set is defined to be closed if its complement is open. For example, since the arbitrary (i.e. possibly infinite) union of open sets is open, its complement is closed. But the complement of the union of open sets is the intersection of closed sets, and hence the intersection of an arbitrary collection of closed sets is closed. Thus the only other thing you can say for sure about closed sets is that a finite union of closed sets is closed.

(At the risk of confusing you some more, if there exists a proper (i.e. neither empty nor X itself) subset of X that is both open and closed, then X is said to be disconnected. In other words, a set X is connected if the only subsets of X that are both open and closed are X and the empty set.)

I sent you an email with a link to download several chapters from my book. (In case you don't get it, it is http://download.yousendit.com/6F9375002C164119) It will be available for 7 days or 10 downloads, so I hope other people don't get them first. I would post them here but they are too large for this forum.

 

[mannyfold]

Keep in mind that Heine-Borel applies only to Euclidean space with the usual topology. It is a special, but important, case in topology.

 

[pivoxa15]

Pivoxa15:

What HallsofIvy says is exactly correct. Just apply the definition (in a metric space) of open to see that ANY collection of open sets is open, and a FINITE intersection of open sets is also open. THIS IS ALL YOU KNOW FOR SURE (plus the fact that by definition the empty set and the full space X are open). Everything else is a consequence of these two statements. You can't say anything else in general about unions or intersections -- each case must be handled individually.

To get to closed sets, use deMorgans laws (the complement of a union is the intersection of the complements) and the fact that a set is defined to be closed if its complement is open. For example, since the arbitrary (i.e. possibly infinite) union of open sets is open, its complement is closed. But the complement of the union of open sets is the intersection of closed sets, and hence the intersection of an arbitrary collection of closed sets is closed. Thus the only other thing you can say for sure about closed sets is that a finite union of closed sets is closed.

(At the risk of confusing you some more, if there exists a proper (i.e. neither empty nor X itself) subset of X that is both open and closed, then X is said to be disconnected. In other words, a set X is connected if the only subsets of X that are both open and closed are X and the empty set.)

I sent you an email with a link to download several chapters from my book. (In case you don't get it, it is http://download.yousendit.com/6F9375002C164119) It will be available for 7 days or 10 downloads, so I hope other people don't get them first. I would post them here but they are too large for this forum.

Thanks for the chapters. At my level I probably should think about things from first principles and worry about the details later.