Did Bacteria Transfer Genes to Asp Caterpillars to Produce Unique Venom?

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In summary, scientists have discovered a fuzzy caterpillar that has a unique and powerful venom hiding under its surface. This venom is unlike any ever seen in insects and may have been transferred from bacteria to the distant ancestors of moths. This finding has potential for medical breakthroughs and highlights the concept of horizontal gene transfer, where DNA can be transferred between different species through various mechanisms. This discovery also serves as a reminder to not touch live Asp caterpillars and to appreciate the fascinating world of genetics.
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TL;DR Summary
Horizontal gene transfer is the incorporation of a gene sequence from one species to another unrelated species - in the case fuzzy caterpillars possibly from bacteria
Popular Science: https://www.sciencealert.com/this-fuzzy-caterpillar-conceals-a-venom-unlike-any-ever-seen-in-insects (pictures).
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2305871120

Asp caterpillars have a very powerful venom under their surface "fuzzies". The discussion focuses on some important points:

1. Gene transfer may have occurred between bacteria and the distant ancestors of the moths. This is an extreme example. See the paper for discussion on this point.

2. Unique powerful venoms often lead to medical breakthroughs. This venom is especially unusual.

If nothing else, take a look at the article(s) to see a very interesting fuzzball caterpillar. And do not ever think of touching a live one....
 
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Horizontal gene transfer also has a wider meaning than transfers between different species.

Generally, the horizontalicity is in contrast to vertical inheritance going from parents to offspring.
This would include:
  • bacteria or archaea picking up DNA from their environment and incorporating it into their genome (this occurs only rarely in eukaryotes).
  • bacteria (or archaeal) sex between different bacterial "species".
  • viruses (or other parasites) picking up bits of DNA in one organism and them copying it into the genome of a different host (prokaryote or eukayote). It doesn't have to be a different species, but it would be much easier to identify if it were.
  • DNA obtined by one species by eating another and randomly incorporating some of its DNA instead of digesting it.
  • lab experiments moving DNA from one organism to another.

Hybridization can transfer DNA between what are often considered different species, but it is not horizontal gene transfer because it moves DNA around by the "normal" mechanisms involved in gene transmission between generations.
 
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1. How do bacteria transfer genes to ASP caterpillars?

Gene transfer from bacteria to ASP caterpillars likely occurs through a process known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This process involves the direct transfer of genetic material from one organism to another, not necessarily within the same species. In the case of ASP caterpillars, bacteria in their environment or those that they interact with could transfer genes responsible for certain traits, such as the production of venom components.

2. What kind of genes are transferred from bacteria to ASP caterpillars?

The specific genes transferred from bacteria to ASP caterpillars are typically those involved in the production of venom. These genes may encode for proteins or peptides that are toxic or have other effects that contribute to the caterpillar’s venomous capabilities. This genetic material provides the caterpillars with a biochemical toolkit for defense or predation.

3. Why would bacteria transfer genes to ASP caterpillars?

The transfer of genes from bacteria to ASP caterpillars is not intentional but rather a byproduct of evolutionary processes. Bacteria often have mechanisms to transfer genetic material to other cells as a way to spread advantageous traits rapidly. When these genes are incorporated into another organism's genome and provide a survival advantage, such as venom production, they are likely to be retained and propagated through successive generations.

4. What is the evolutionary advantage for ASP caterpillars to produce unique venom?

The production of unique venom in ASP caterpillars offers significant evolutionary advantages, primarily in defense and predation. Venom can deter predators, reducing the likelihood of the caterpillar being eaten. Additionally, venomous capabilities might help in subduing prey, enhancing the caterpillar’s ability to feed and grow, which directly impacts its survival and reproductive success.

5. How does this gene transfer affect the ecosystem?

Gene transfer that results in venom production in ASP caterpillars can have various impacts on the ecosystem. It could alter predator-prey dynamics by providing the caterpillars with a novel defense mechanism, potentially reducing their predation rates. This change can ripple through the food chain, affecting the distribution and population sizes of other organisms. Additionally, it showcases the complex interactions and adaptability within ecosystems, highlighting the importance of genetic diversity and ecological balance.

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