To calculate arc length without a calculator, the discussion centers on simplifying the integral involving the expression under the square root. Participants identify that the integrand can be rewritten to reveal a perfect square, which aids in simplification. There is a focus on correcting mistakes in squaring terms and ensuring proper grouping of like terms to facilitate integration. The conversation highlights the importance of careful arithmetic to avoid errors that complicate the process. Ultimately, recognizing and correcting these mistakes is crucial for successfully calculating arc length.