How Do You Prove the Boundedness of an Integral Operator in Measure Spaces?

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    2016
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SUMMARY

This discussion focuses on proving the boundedness of an integral operator \( I(K) \) defined on finite measure spaces \( (X,\mathcal{M},\mu) \) and \( (Y,\mathcal{N},\nu) \). The operator is given by \( I(K)(f)(x) = \int_Y K(x,y) f(y) d\nu(y) \) for functions \( f \in \mathscr{L}^p(\mu) \), where \( 1 < p < \infty \). The kernel \( K \) must satisfy the conditions \( \sup_x \int_Y |K(x,y)| d\nu(y) < \infty \) and \( \sup_y \int_X |K(x,y)| d\mu(x) < \infty \) to ensure boundedness. The discussion highlights the importance of these conditions in establishing the operator's boundedness in the context of measure theory.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of finite measure spaces
  • Familiarity with \( \mathscr{L}^p \) spaces
  • Knowledge of measurable functions and integrals
  • Basic concepts of functional analysis
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the properties of \( \mathscr{L}^p \) spaces and their applications
  • Explore the concept of bounded linear operators in functional analysis
  • Learn about the Dominated Convergence Theorem in measure theory
  • Investigate the implications of kernel conditions on integral operators
USEFUL FOR

Mathematicians, graduate students in analysis, and researchers interested in functional analysis and measure theory will benefit from this discussion.

Euge
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Here is this week's POTW:

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Show that if $(X,\mathcal{M},\mu)$, $(Y,\mathcal{N},\nu)$ are finite measure spaces, $1 < p < \infty$, and $K$ is a measurable function on $X\times Y$, there is a bounded integral operator $I(K) : \mathscr{L}^p(\nu) \to \mathscr{L}^p(\mu)$ given by

$$I(K)(f) :x \mapsto \int_Y K(x,y)\,f(y)\, d\nu(y)\quad (f\in \mathscr{L}^p(\mu)),$$

provided that the kernel $K$ satisfies the conditions $\sup_x \int_Y \lvert K(x,y)\rvert\, d\nu(y) < \infty$ and $\sup_y \int_X \lvert K(x,y)\rvert \, d\mu(x) < \infty$.
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No one answered this week's problem. That's ok though, because the problem statement originally had some typos -- they have been corrected. :D You can read my solution below.
Assume the conditions on $K$ hold. Let $\alpha$ be the supremum of all the integrals $\int_Y \lvert K(x,y)\vert\, d\nu(y)$ as $x$ ranges over $X$; similarly define $\beta$ as the supremum of all integrals $\int_X \lvert K(x,y)\vert\, d\mu(x)$ as $y$ ranges over $Y$. Let $q$ be the conjugate exponent of $p$. Given $f\in \mathscr{L}^p$ with $\|f\|_p = 1$,

$$\lvert I(K)f\rvert \le \int_Y \lvert K(x,y)\rvert^{1/q} \lvert K(x,y)\rvert^{1/p}\lvert f(y)\rvert\, d\nu(y) \le \alpha^{1/q}\left(\int_Y \lvert K(x,y)\rvert \lvert f(y)\rvert^p\, d\nu(y)\right)^{1/p},$$

using Hölder's inequality, and by Fubini,

$$\|I(K)f\|_p \le \alpha^{1/q}\left(\int_X\int_Y \lvert K(x,y)\rvert \lvert f(y)\rvert^p\, d\nu(y)\, d\mu(x)\right)^{1/p}
= \alpha^{1/q}\left(\int_Y \lvert f(y)\rvert^p \left[\int_X \lvert K(x,y)\rvert\, d\mu(x)\right] d\nu(y)\right)^{1/p}
\le \alpha^{1/q}\beta^{1/p}\|f\|_p = \alpha^{1/q}\beta^{1/p}$$

As $f$ was arbitrary, $T$ is bounded (by $\alpha^{1/q}\beta^{1/p}$). In fact, as $0 \le \alpha, \beta \le \max\{\alpha,\beta\}$, we may deduce $\|I(K)\| \le \max\{\alpha,\beta\}$.
 

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