How to Determine the Center of Mass System for Photons?

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on determining the center of mass (CM) system for two photons with frequencies ν₁ and ν₂, and an angle θ between their propagation directions. The total energy and momentum of the photons in the laboratory system are expressed using four-momentum, where the total energy is Eₜₒₜ = (h(ν₁ + ν₂))/c. To find the photons' frequency in the CM system, a Lorentz transformation is required, specifically a boost that ensures the spatial total momentum is zero. The challenge lies in correctly determining the velocity β = v/c for this transformation, which can be simplified by aligning the x-axis with the vector sum of the momenta of the two photons.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of four-momentum in special relativity
  • Familiarity with Lorentz transformations
  • Knowledge of photon energy-frequency relationships (E = hν)
  • Basic vector addition in physics
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  • Study Lorentz transformations in detail, focusing on momentum and energy conservation
  • Learn about the implications of the center of mass frame in relativistic physics
  • Explore the concept of photon interactions and their implications in quantum mechanics
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Students and professionals in physics, particularly those studying special relativity, quantum mechanics, or photon behavior in various reference frames.

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Homework Statement



Two photons in the laboratory system have frequencies \nu_1 and \nu_2. The angle between the propagation directions is \theta.

a) Write down the expressions for the total energy and momentum of the photons in the laboratory system.

b) Find the photons’ frequency in the center of mass system.

c) Is it allways possible to find a center of mass system for the photons?


Homework Equations


Four momentum
\underline P = (E/c, \vec p)

Lorentz transformation
P'^\mu = \Lambda^\mu_{\ \ \nu} x^\nu

Duality equations
p = h/\lambda \ \ \ E = h\nu.

The Attempt at a Solution


a)
I've taken the x-axis in the laboratory system to be parallel with photon 2 such that

\vec p_1 = \frac{h\nu_1}c(\cos \theta, \sin \theta, 0) \ \ \vec p_1 = \frac{h\nu_2}c(1,0,0)

The total four momentum would be

\underline P = (E_{tot}/c, \vec p_{tot})

where
E_{tot} = \frac{h(\nu_1 + \nu_2}c.

b) To find the momentum in the CM system I would have to do a lorentz boost into that system which is defined so that the spatial total momentum is zero. I do however have problems in finding the correct \beta = v/c for this transformation.
I know the velocity of this frame would have to satisfy
\vec v = \frac{(\vec p_1 + \vec p_2)c^2}E

but that frame would not have it's x-axis parallel with my original one, so I do not
know how to find the correct transformation. Have I chosen my axis badly in this problem
or is there a clever way out?

Thanks for any help.
 
Physics news on Phys.org
Try aligning the x-axis to point along ##\vec{p}_1 + \vec{p}_2##. You'll have to find the angle each photon makes with the axis, but that should be straightforward.
 

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