Integrate [cosec(30°+x)-cosec(60°+x)] dx in terms of tan x

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The discussion focuses on integrating the expression [cosec(30°+x)-cosec(60°+x)] dx, leading to the integral $$\frac{1}{2}\int\left[\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{6}+x\right)-\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{3}+x\right)\right]dx$$. Participants explore the correct method to derive the answer, which is $$\frac{1}{2}\log\left|\frac{tan(\pi/12+x/2)}{tan(\pi/6+x/2)}\right|$$. They discuss the integral of cosecant functions and the transformation of variables, emphasizing the importance of differentiating both sides to verify the results. The conversation highlights the complexities involved in reaching the final solution and the mathematical principles underlying the integration process. The integration process is clarified through various transformations and identities related to trigonometric functions.
Aurelius120
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Homework Statement
Evaluate the integral:
$$\int\frac{\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt 3}\right)(\cos x-\sin x)}{1+\frac{2}{\sqrt 3}(\sin 2x)}dx$$
Relevant Equations
$$\sin C+\sin D=2\sin\left(\frac{C+D}{2}\right)\cos \left(\frac{C-D}{2}\right)$$
$$\int \csc(x) dx=\ln(\csc(x)-\cot(x))$$
20240203_023535.jpg

I proceeded as follows
$$\int\frac{2(\sqrt3-1)(cosx-sinx)}{2(\sqrt3+2sin2x)}dx$$
$$\int\frac{(cos(\pi/6)-sin(\pi/6))(cosx-sinx)}{(sin(\pi/3)+sin2x)}dx$$
$$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{cos(\pi/6-x)-sin(\pi/6+x)}{sin(\pi/6+x)cos(\pi/6-x)}dx$$
$$\frac{1}{2}\int cosec(\pi/6+x)-sec(\pi/6-x)dx$$
Which leads to the integral in the question:

$$\frac{1}{2}\int\left[\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{6}+x\right)-\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{3}+x\right)\right]dx$$
Now the correct answer is:$$\frac{1}{2}\log\left|\frac{tan(\pi/12+x/2)}{tan(\pi/6+x/2)}\right|$$
20240203_025340.jpg

How to reach the correct answer from the obtained integral?
 
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From your effort it seems that
\int csc (x+\alpha)dx =\log |\tan(\frac{x+\alpha}{2})|+C
or by transformation of integral variable
\int csc\ x dx =\log |\tan(\frac{x}{2})|+C
Have you investigated it by differentiating the both sides?
 
Last edited:
anuttarasammyak said:
From your effort it seems that
\int csc (x+\alpha)dx =\log |\tan(\frac{x+\alpha}{2})|+C
or by transformation of integral variable
\int csc\ x dx =\log |\tan(\frac{x}{2})|+C
Have you investigated it by differentiating the both sides?
Yes I tried by I cannot reach why

Aurelius120 said:
$$\frac{1}{2}\int\left[\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{6}+x\right)-\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{3}+x\right)\right]dx$$
$$=\frac{1}{2}\ln\left[\frac{\csc(\pi/6+x)-cot(\pi/6+x)}{\csc(\pi/3+x)-\cot(\pi/3+x)}\right]+C$$ is equal to the given answer
 
With a=x/2,\frac{1}{\sin x}-\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}=\frac{1- \cos 2a}{\sin 2a}=\frac{1-\cos^2 a+\sin^2 a}{2\sin a \cos a}=\tan a
 
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Question: A clock's minute hand has length 4 and its hour hand has length 3. What is the distance between the tips at the moment when it is increasing most rapidly?(Putnam Exam Question) Answer: Making assumption that both the hands moves at constant angular velocities, the answer is ## \sqrt{7} .## But don't you think this assumption is somewhat doubtful and wrong?

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