Is Leibniz integral rule allowed in this potential improper integral?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the application of the Leibniz integral rule in the context of calculating electric potential from a charge distribution. The integral expression for electric potential, given by ##\psi (\mathbf{r})=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0} \int_{V'-\delta} \dfrac{\rho (\mathbf{r'})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|} dV'##, is analyzed for its validity when taking the gradient to find the electric field ##\mathbf{E}=-\nabla \psi##. A reference from "Foundations of Potential Theory" asserts that while the Leibniz rule may not be valid for improper integrals, the equation for the electric field remains applicable within source regions. The discussion seeks clarification on the proof provided in the book for better understanding.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of electric potential and charge distributions
  • Familiarity with vector calculus, particularly gradients
  • Knowledge of the Leibniz integral rule
  • Basic concepts of potential theory
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the application of the Leibniz integral rule in various contexts
  • Review the principles of potential theory, focusing on improper integrals
  • Learn about the derivation of electric fields from potentials in electrostatics
  • Examine the proof provided in "Foundations of Potential Theory" for deeper insights
USEFUL FOR

Physics students, particularly those specializing in electromagnetism, as well as educators and researchers interested in potential theory and its applications in electrostatics.

Beelzedad
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Electric potential at a point inside the charge distribution is:

##\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf{r})=\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0} \int_{V'-\delta}

\dfrac{\rho (\mathbf{r'})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|} dV'##

where:

##\delta## is a small volume around point ##\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r'}##
##\mathbf{r}## is coordinates of field point
##\mathbf{r'}## is coordinates of source point
##\rho (\mathbf{r'})## is the density of charge distribution

Taking the gradient of potential:

##\displaystyle \nabla \psi (\mathbf{r}) =\nabla\ \left[ \lim\limits_{\delta \to 0} \int_{V'-\delta} \dfrac{\rho (\mathbf{r'})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|} dV' \right] =\lim\limits_{\delta \to 0} \int_{V'-\delta} \rho (\mathbf{r'})\ \nabla \left( \dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r'}|} \right) dV'##

In the last step, we have applied Leibniz integral rule (basic form).

The validity of this technique for improper integrals is discussed below:

The following passage from the book "Foundations of Potential Theory page 151" says the technique is not valid. But it says the equation ##\mathbf{E}=-\nabla \psi## still holds at points inside source regions ##V'##. It also gives a "little" proof of the argument.
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(continued below)
 
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Proof:

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Unfortunately I am not well versed in potential theory to understand this little proof that the book offers. Can anybody explain the proof in a way in which a Physics graduating student can understand?
 

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