# A Laplace transform in spherical coordinates

#### lvotapka

Summary
A 1963 paper by Michael Wertheim uses a Laplace transform in spherical coordinates. How is the resulting equation obtained?
Summary: A 1963 paper by Michael Wertheim uses a Laplace transform in spherical coordinates. How is the resulting equation obtained?

In 1963, Michael Wertheim published a paper (relevant page attached here), where he presented the following equation (Eq. 1):

$$y(\bar{r}) = 1 + n \int_{|\bar{r}'|<R} y(\bar{r}') d\bar{r}' - n \int_{|\bar{r}'|<R, |\bar{r} - \bar{r}'|<R} y(\bar{r}') y(\bar{r} - \bar{r}') d\bar{r}'$$

Where $\bar{r}$ and $\bar{r}'$ are 3-vectors (x, y, z) and $y(\bar{r})$ is a function of one of those vectors. R and n are constants. Note that $\bar{r}$ and $\bar{r}'$ are two different vector variables, the prime does NOT indicate a derivative. He then says he uses a one-sided Laplace transform to obtain the following equation (Eq. 3):

$$t[F(t) + G(t)] = t^{-1}[1 + 24 \eta K ] - 12 \eta [F(-t) - F(t)]G(t)$$

where

$$F(t) = R^{-2} \int^R_0 ry(r) exp(-sr) dr$$
$$G(t) = R^{-2} \int^\infty_R ry(r) exp(-sr) dr$$
$$K = R^{-3} \int^R_0 r^2 y(r) dr$$
$$\eta = \dfrac{1}{6} \pi R^3 n$$
$$t=sR$$

A 3D Laplace transform in spherical coordinates seems rare enough that it is difficult to find resources to reach the latter equations from the first one. I've been able to convert the Laplace transform to spherical coordinates, integrate over the angles, and obtain some equations similar to the latter equations, but not exactly. Clearly, the convolution property of Laplace transforms are used to obtain the RHS of Eq. 3. Any further suggestions or guidance that anyone could provide would be much appreciated.

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#### fresh_42

Mentor
2018 Award
Have you tried to use a Taylor expansion to prove it, or simply integration by parts?

#### lvotapka

Thanks for the response. I haven't tried either of those approaches. I'll try to think about how they might help. If you have any suggestions for moving forward using those, I'd be interested to hear them.

I've thought some more about it, and I think I'm pretty close, but still uncertain about the last step...

First of all, I can get the Laplace transform of $y(\bar{r})$ and get something similar to F(t) + G(t) on the LHS of the equation:

$$\int_0^{\infty} dx \int_0^{\infty} dy \int_0^{\infty} dz y(\bar{r})exp(-\bar{r}\cdot\bar{s})$$

When converted to spherical coordinates:

$$\int_0^{\infty} dr \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} d\theta sin(\theta) r^2 y(r)exp(-rs\cdot cos(\theta)) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} d\phi$$

Then using u-substitution and integrating over phi and theta:

$$-\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^{\infty} dr \frac{r}{s} y(r) + \frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^{\infty} dr \frac{r}{s} exp(-sr) y(r)$$

The first and second term on the RHS are equivalent to $y(\bar{r})$ equalling 1 and a constant (since the integration is constant with respect to $y(\bar{r})$).

That just leaves the final term on the RHS:

$$-n\int_{} d\bar{r} \int_{\substack{|\bar{r}'| < R}{|\bar{r}-\bar{r}'| > R}} y(\bar{r}') y(\bar{r}-\bar{r}') d\bar{r} exp(-\bar{r}\cdot\bar{s})$$

This is where I seem to be stuck. I'm sure that there is some way to use the convolution property of Laplace transforms to move forward but everything I try seems to be a dead end.

"Laplace transform in spherical coordinates"

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