Material with net angular momentum (not just a magnet)

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the concept of materials possessing net angular momentum, particularly in relation to permanent magnets and intrinsic angular momentum. Participants explore whether materials can exhibit net angular momentum without macroscopic rotation, examining theoretical possibilities and implications.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question why materials do not exhibit net angular momentum when permanent magnets have a net magnetic moment derived from electron spins and orbital moments.
  • One participant describes the Einstein - de Haas effect, illustrating that a magnetized object can exhibit intrinsic angular momentum that can lead to macroscopic rotation when the direction of magnetization is reversed.
  • Another participant seeks confirmation that magnets possess some intrinsic angular momentum and raises the possibility of a material exhibiting strong intrinsic angular momentum that behaves like a spinning top or gyroscope.
  • A further suggestion involves calculating the net angular momentum of a fully-magnetized piece of iron and exploring the implications of aligning all electrons and nuclear spins for potential macroscopic effects.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying views on the existence and implications of intrinsic angular momentum in materials. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the theoretical possibility of materials with significant intrinsic angular momentum behaving like spinning tops.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include assumptions about electron contributions to magnetization, the dependence on material properties, and the theoretical nature of proposed scenarios without empirical evidence.

lightmass
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Hi,

Why there are no materials where the net angular momentum is not zero? Permanent magnets have a net magnetic moment coming from the sum of electron spins + orbital magnetic moments. Why the net angular moment cancels out? Or in other words: Is there any material that is not rotating macroscopically but still has net angular momentum?
 
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A magnetized object does have a small net intrinsic angular momentum, which can be demonstrated via the Einstein - de Haas effect. Start with a magnetized object that is not rotating (zero rotational angular momentum). Reverse the direction of magnetization by "flipping" the spins of the electrons that produce the magnetization. This also reverses the direction of the object's intrinsic angular momentum. The object starts to rotate in the opposite direction so that the total angular momentum (intrinsic plus rotational) maintains the same value as before.

This is analogous to the classroom demonstration in which someone sits on a freely rotating chair while holding a spinning bicycle wheel. If the person starts out not rotating, then flips the spinning bicycle wheel 180 degrees, he begins to rotate in the opposite direction.
 
jtbell, thanks for your answer. I was aware of the Einstein de Hass effect (and Barnett effect). I wanted a confirmation that a magnet indeed has some small intrinsic angular momentum (we could still have magnetic moment with 0 angular moment if nuclear moments play a role).

I would like to know if it is theoretically posible to have a material that have such strong intrinsic angular momentum that will behave macroscopically like a spinning top (or a gyroscope).
 
To get an idea of the possible maximum effect of the intrinsic angular momentum, you might consider a fully-magnetized piece of iron. Take e.g. one mole of iron, assume that one electron per atom contributes to the magnetization, and calculate the net angular momentum if all those electrons are spin-aligned. Then assume e.g. that the iron is shaped as a cylinder 1 cm in diameter, and calculate how fast it would have to rotate macroscopically in order to have an equal magnitude of rotational angular momentum.

Then for fun, suppose you could align all the electrons (not just one) in each atom, what would the result be? Or if you could align all the nuclear spins also?
 

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