Pendulum: Energy is conserved but not momentum

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the conservation of energy and momentum in the context of an ideal pendulum. Participants explore the implications of external forces, particularly gravity, on energy conservation and the conditions under which energy remains conserved despite the presence of non-conservative forces.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants assert that in an ideal pendulum, energy is conserved while momentum is not, suggesting that gravity acts as an external force.
  • Others propose that energy conservation occurs when the external force is conservative, as is the case with gravity, which depends only on position.
  • A participant introduces the concept of the Lagrangian/Hamiltonian framework, indicating that energy conservation is linked to time-translation invariance as per Noether's theorem.
  • One participant challenges the notion of energy conservation, arguing that while momentum is not conserved, the energy of the pendulum appears conserved due to the interactions with the Earth.
  • Another participant discusses the idea that potential energy is stored in the gravitational field, suggesting that energy is continuously exchanged between the pendulum and the gravitational field during its motion.
  • A later reply likens the energy stored in the gravitational field to money in a bank, emphasizing that it still belongs to the pendulum despite not being in its immediate possession.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the conservation of energy, with some asserting it is conserved and others questioning this assertion. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the implications of external forces on energy conservation.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference concepts such as conservative forces and Noether's theorem, but the discussion does not resolve the conditions under which energy conservation holds in the presence of external forces.

greypilgrim
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Hi.

In an ideal pendulum, energy is conserved. Potential energy gets transformed to kinetic energy and vice versa. However, momentum is not conserved.

The latter means that the pendulum is not an isolated system, which is plausible, since gravity is an external force. But why is energy conserved then? Under what conditions does an external force not change the energy in a system?
 
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greypilgrim said:
Under what conditions does an external force not change the energy in a system?
When the force is conservative, i.e. dependent on position only. (This may sound like a tautology, but it is not.) Gravity is a conservative force.
 
In addition the force also must have a potential to be conservative in the usual sense. The Langrangian/Hamiltonian is not explicitly time-dependent and thus energy is conserved (Noether's theorem applied to time-translation invariance).
 
I would say that energy is not conserved. The Earth not only gains and loses some momentum but also some kinetic energy. The momentum is significant but the energy is not. Effectively, therefore, energy of the pendulum appears to be conserved.

Consider also an elastic collision between a ball and the ground. Momentum of the ball is clearly not conserved but kinetic energy appears to be. Can you explain why that is?
 
We can say that the potentian energy of the pendulum is stored in the gravitational field.
When the pendulum is moving upwards, energy is leaving the pendulum and stored in the gravitational field. This is due to the work done by the gravitational force. When the pendulum is moving downwards, energy is leaving the gravitational field and put into the pendulum. Again due to the work done by the gravitational force.
In this sense we can say that the external force changes the energy of the pendulum all the time.
 
We can add that when energy is stored in the gravitational field, it is still belongs to the the pendulum. It is like having money in the bank and not in your wallet. Your money in the bank is still your money.
 

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