(Special relativity) Binomial Approximation

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The discussion focuses on using the binomial approximation to derive key equations related to special relativity, specifically the expressions for γ and its inverse. The participants explain that γ can be approximated as γ=1+.5(β^2) and derive the inverse, 1/γ=1-.5(β^2), using the expansion of 1/(1+x). The arithmetic for deriving the third expression, 1-(1/γ)=.5(β^2), is noted to be straightforward once B is established. The conversation emphasizes the importance of applying the binomial theorem effectively to these relativistic equations. Overall, the thread provides insights into the mathematical relationships within special relativity using binomial approximations.
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Use the binomial approximation to derive the following:
A) γ=1+.5(β^2)
B)1/γ=1-.5(β^2)
C)1-(1/γ)=.5(^2)

I know the approximation is 1+(.5β^2)+(3/8)β^4+...
A) is self explanatory but not sure how to derive B) and C)
 
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For C, from B, arithmetic.
 
For B from A, what is expansion of 1/(1+x) ?
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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