Surface reconstructions of lattices

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Gold undergoes surface reconstruction to reduce tensile stress and energy, while graphite does not due to its stable bonding structure. Graphite consists of sigma bonds and delocalized pi bonds, which contribute to its stability and lack of surface reorganization. In contrast, gold's bonding involves primarily sigma bonds, with its electron configuration indicating that s orbitals play a significant role. Thermal energy at room temperature is generally sufficient to affect surface structures in metals like gold but not in stable materials like graphite. Understanding the differences in bonding and energy considerations is crucial for explaining these behaviors in surface reconstructions.
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Why does gold have a surface reconstruction but graphite does not?

The Au(111) crystal, when cut, reorganizes at the surface to minimize tensile stress and energy. Why doesn't graphite do this?
 
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What type of bonding is there in a sheet of graphite? What type is there in the gold [1,1,1] crystal? Is thermal energy (RT?) enough to overcome both or only one?
 
Bonding in graphite would be sigma bonds, plus delocalized pi bonds... I'm not sure about gold (1,1,1). The electron configuration for Au is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 so the s orbitals rather than the d orbitals participate in bonding - right? - so they form sigma bonds only? Or do you use a different model for transition metal elements? I'm really not sure how to think about this...
 
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