The Expectation of X and the Expectation of X squared (discrete math)

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the mathematical relationship between the expectation of a random variable squared, E[X^2], and the square of the expectation, E(X)^2. Participants agree that E[X^2] does not equal E(X)^2 in general and suggest using a counterexample with a simple distribution, specifically one with two outcomes, each having a 50% probability. The formula for expectation, E[X] = ∑xi*pr(xi), is highlighted as essential for calculating both E[X] and E[X^2].

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of discrete probability distributions
  • Familiarity with the concept of expectation in probability theory
  • Basic knowledge of mathematical proofs
  • Ability to perform calculations involving sums and probabilities
NEXT STEPS
  • Explore counterexamples in probability theory to solidify understanding of E[X^2] vs. E(X)^2
  • Learn about different discrete probability distributions, such as Bernoulli and Binomial distributions
  • Study the properties of expectation, including linearity and variance
  • Practice calculating expectations using various probability distributions
USEFUL FOR

Students of discrete mathematics, educators teaching probability theory, and anyone interested in deepening their understanding of expectations in statistics.

SammC
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Homework Statement


prove or disprove that E[X^2] = E(X)^2

Homework Equations


E[X] = \sumxi*pr(xi)


The Attempt at a Solution



I really don't know where to start, I believe that it is not true, so I should try to disprove it, and the easiest way to do that would be by counterexample... I don't understand expectation very well though, I could try to do a mathematical proof to show that they are not equal, but I don't know how to go about that either.
 
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hi sammC - this is ripe for a counter example...

easiest would be to try a distribution with only 2 outcomes, ie 50% probability of each occurring, then calculate E[x] and E[X^2]

note E[X^2] = sum over i of pr(xi)*(xi^2)
 
ah, this helps a bunch, thanks!
 

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