Visualizing Immersions vs. Submersions

[dreamtheater]

What is the best way to intuitively and visually distinguish between immersion and submersions? For example, I understand that the standard picture of the Klein Bottle in R^3 is an immersion. How do I see this? (Obviously, it's not an embedding because the Klein Bottle self-intersects in R^3. But how do I see that the differential map is 1-to-1 but not onto?) What would a submersion look like?

Also, can I visualize a copy of the real line in R^3 so that, it is an immersion but not a submersion nor an embedding? Also as a submersion but not an immersion?

 

[zhentil]

The only way something can be a submersion and an immersion is if it's a local diffeomorphism (e.g. a covering map, like the real line to S^1). It's difficult to tell by visual inspection if a map is an immersion - you just calculate the Jacobian. A submersion can most readily be seen by a map R^2->R^1 with no critical points (since then you can visualize it as a graph in R^3).

 

[wofsy]

What is the best way to intuitively and visually distinguish between immersion and submersions? For example, I understand that the standard picture of the Klein Bottle in R^3 is an immersion. How do I see this? (Obviously, it's not an embedding because the Klein Bottle self-intersects in R^3. But how do I see that the differential map is 1-to-1 but not onto?) What would a submersion look like?

Also, can I visualize a copy of the real line in R^3 so that, it is an immersion but not a submersion nor an embedding? Also as a submersion but not an immersion?

it is am immersion because there is a tangent plane
it is not onto because the normal does not lie on the tangent plane

a line that spirals infinitely around a point and converges to that point is not embedded.