Gravitational waves are another example of how spacetime can be curved even in the vacuum. General relativity predicts that when any heavy object wiggles, it sends out ripples of spacetime curvature which propagate at the speed of light. This is far from obvious starting from our formulation of Einstein's equation! It also predicts that as one of these ripples of curvature passes by, our small ball of initially test particles will be stretched in one transverse direction while being squashed in the other transverse direction. From what we have already said, these effects must precisely cancel when we compute .
Hulse and Taylor won the Nobel prize in 1993 for careful observations of a binary neutron star which is slowly spiraling down, just as general relativity predicts it should, as it loses energy by emitting gravitational radiation. Gravitational waves have not been directly observed, but there are a number of projects underway to detect them. For example, the LIGO project will bounce a laser between hanging mirrors in an L-shaped detector, to see how one leg of the detector is stretched while the other is squashed. Both legs are 4 kilometers long, and the detector is designed to be sensitive to a -meter change in length of the arms.
© 2004
John Baez and Emory Bunn
