What Lies at the Center of the Universe?

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The discussion centers around the concept of whether the universe has a center, with participants debating the implications of the Big Bang theory. Some argue that the universe is finite but unbounded, suggesting that while it has a size, it lacks a definitive center, akin to the surface of a sphere. Others assert that the universe's expansion and the nature of space imply there is no central point, challenging the idea of a black hole at the universe's center. The conversation also touches on the complexities of cosmic curvature and the limitations of current scientific understanding. Ultimately, the consensus leans towards the notion that the universe does not have a center in a traditional sense.
  • #91
You people are incredibly dogmatic. String Theory is FAR from proven and it only "unites" physics by way of a kludge connection between Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. It is way too abstract to be realistic and there ARE better models.
 
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  • #92
Originally posted by Rogue
You're basically saying that everything in physics down to it's very existence is completely incorrect. [/B]

The equations are quite correct, but the interpretations are incorrect at the core and all across the board!

That is why they continually fail to understand the core causality which they claim does not exist.
 
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  • #93
Well, you propose some bizarre ideas. I surely hope that you have at least one PhD in physics. There is no level of non-graduate level education that could prepare you for properly proposing any such claims other than that, and I should know.

So, why not enlighten us with your level of education in physics?
 
  • #94
Originally posted by Rogue
So, why not enlighten us with your level of education in physics?

Is "status" what you consider enlightening? If so then an attempt to truly enlighten you is hopeless.

If you want a small clue then read the intro at this site. www.anpheon.org
 
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  • #95
Originally posted by subtillioN
Is "status" what you consider enlightening? If so then an attempt to truly enlighten you is hopeless.

If you want a small clue then read the intro at this site. www.anpheon.org

Apparently you are dodging the fact that you perhaps have no physics education?

It's OK to admit - but understand, from someone who does, that no amount of independant reading will make up for not having a structural education. And the propositions you make of string theory being absurd and the Big Bang being wrong are well, wrong and absurd!

What do you have an education in? Perhaps you can tell us so we can ask questions you might be able to answer.

And to the website you linked - no amount of fancy flash and animated diagrams can combat a theory (that is string theory) which serves to unite every single fragment that has ever been discovered in physics.
 
  • #96
Originally posted by Rogue
Apparently you are dodging the fact that you perhaps have no physics education?


I am an eternal student and how could I discuss physics with no physics education? My educational status has nothing to do with the theories that I am discussing because I am not the author. That ad hominem route will get you nowhere.

It's OK to admit - but understand, from someone who does, that no amount of independant reading will make up for not having a structural education. And the propositions you make of string theory being absurd and the Big Bang being wrong are well, wrong and absurd!

There is your dogmatism speaking. I am making serious criticisms of your pet theories and you people cannot debate the alternatives I am talking about because you don't know the theories. Science evolves through diversity in spite of dogmatism.

And to the website you linked - no amount of fancy flash and animated diagrams can combat a theory (that is string theory) which serves to unite every single fragment that has ever been discovered in physics.

The theory is entirely visualizable at the root causal level unlike string theory or quantum mechanics. The theory stands alone independent of any marketing or artwork.
 
  • #97
This is an excellent thread and this is a "Forum": I believe that just about anyone can properly participate.

I agree with very little of what -tillion has put forth, but there's absolutely no harm in reading what he has to say. Further, his assertion that he is propounding a theory I believe is perhaps a bit over-stated. But why don't we listen with courtesy and decorum (Robert's Rules)?

Back to an earlier post in this thread: Mercury"s precession in perihelion: It is explained by the math of both Newtonian and GR physics. GR is the more precise:
This is because GR utilizes Riemannian Geometry (and Lorentzian transformations); but Riemannian Geometry is, in effect, only a distortion of Euclidian geometry, albeit with the same rigid discipline/proofs as Euclidian.

I would not, but some would question the validity of Lorentzian tranformations in general.

Let's remember that Einstein was in the main self-tutored. Newton, Maxwell and Faraday were all in a similar vein, and Einstein admired them.

Back to the main topic: BB is a given, period. An inflationary Universe was very, very probable. Is there a 'center' to the universe? Nope.

Thanks, Rudi
 
  • #98
Originally posted by Hurkyl
Can you back up this claim?

Originally posted by subtillion
In the absense of the 'evidence' of an expanding Universe there is no Big Bang Theory. Isn't that obvious?

But what does the doppler effect have to do with anything? In fact, it's the observation that the doppler effect cannot adequately describe redshifting that is used as evidence for the expansion of space.


Do you know Plasma Cosmology? Can you debunk it as well as I can debunk BBT?

Seeing how I don't know what Plasma Cosmology is, and I haven't made any arguments against what Plasma Cosmology really is... I already have.


Seriously, if you're still talking about the center of the big bang, and think the doppler effect has anything to do with the expansion of the universe as predicted than BBT, then you have no clue about what you're talking.


Anywyas, I shall take a step and debunk PC better than you have BBT. May I presume that this website:

http://www.matter-antimatter.com/plasma_cosmology.htm

is a valid descrption of the predictions of plasma cosmology?


Well, the first and most problem is that black holes can't eject matter. Secondly, it predicts arms of a spiral galaxy to be made of antimatter but we don't see any variation in the properties of the arms, and we don't see any matter/antimatter annihilations around the core. Finally, it predicts that comets are actually antimatter, but that is patently absurd because we have watched comets come in contact with ordinary matter, and annihilation doesn't occur! For example, Jupiter still exists. :smile:
 
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  • #99
"While I'm at it" Dept.

Out of curiosity, I visited the Plasma Cosmology website:

I have a question: What?

In fairness, I don't think the world of M-Theory, either; It very likely does have validity, but it needs Occam's Razor, judiciously applied. It is so loaded with jargon that it defies rational analysis.

Thanks, Rudi
 
  • #100
There is a good discussion here to be salvaged among the cracker crumbs, trolling, and flame-war-lite. Consider this the 2-minute warning.
 
  • #101
Anywyas, I shall take a step and debunk PC better than you have BBT. May I presume that this website:

http://www.matter-antimatter.com/plasma_cosmology.htm

is a valid descrption of the predictions of plasma cosmology?

No this one is the one I am discussing and ONLY the science stuff..

www.electric-cosmos.org
 
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  • #102
I find the hypothesis of Arp rather absurd. He is suggesting that quasars are been expulsed from galaxies!
What are then quasars for him? The dynamics of galaxies is reasonably understood, and I can find a mechanism for permit that a quasar can be expulsed
He says that the quasars show such high redshift because that is a "inherent" redshift of the quasar. Wait. Why has to have a quasar inherent redshift and not, for example, my book or my wardrobe? If objects would have inherent redshifts then it would have been discovered in laboratories here in Earth
His theory is full of nonsenses: How he explain that tre vast majority of the observed quasars are NOT near any galaxies?
 
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  • #103
Originally posted by subtillioN
No the point is not to confuse our metrical tools with reality. There is no causal explanation of how space could be finite but unbounded and there is no evidence to support the notion. [/B]

No confusion needed. If the universe has a volume, the volume will follow the rules of Euclidean geometry or it won't. In other words, if I travel in a straight line, what will happen? Euclidean geometry says I will keep traveling forever without returning to my starting point. If the universe is flat and infinite, then Euclidean geometry can be said to be an accurate description of space.

Now while there is no evidence for a finite and unbounded universe, there is an explanation for it. Once you accept curved spacetime as the cause of gravity, it doesn't take much to get to a hyper spherical universe. Taking a measurement of the overall geometry in a given region of space and applying the cosmological principle to the universe as a whole gives you a shape. With enough curvature on average, the universe would be unbounded and finite. Of course, the whole idea fails if the cosmological principle is inaccurate on large scales.
 
  • #104
Originally posted by Eh
No confusion needed. If the universe has a volume, the volume will follow the rules of Euclidean geometry or it won't.


Ok explain to me how a volume can follow mathematical rules?

In other words, if I travel in a straight line, what will happen? Euclidean geometry says I will keep traveling forever without returning to my starting point. If the universe is flat and infinite, then Euclidean geometry can be said to be an accurate description of space.

Ok a description I will grant, but geometry is no causative agent.

Now while there is no evidence for a finite and unbounded universe, there is an explanation for it. Once you accept curved spacetime as the cause of gravity, it doesn't take much to get to a hyper spherical universe.

That is the clincher isn't it? The rubber-sheet tautology of "curved space" which uses gravity as its own mechanism, simply does not explain ANY mechanism for gravity whatsoever, nor does it explain the mechanism of the formation of a gravitational field.

Tell me HOW "space" (nothingness) can get curved by matter. How can nothingness be curved?

Taking a measurement of the overall geometry in a given region of space and applying the cosmological principle to the universe as a whole gives you a shape. With enough curvature on average, the universe would be unbounded and finite. Of course, the whole idea fails if the cosmological principle is inaccurate on large scales.

The fact is that the observed value of omega is far from being a positive value. So even according to your pure mathematical abstraction space simply cannot be positively curved.
 
  • #105
I thought Omega couldn't be negative? Less than 1 was an open universe, 1 was flat and greater than 1 was closed.


As for how a volume can follow mathematical laws, you need to be more specific.

Otherwise, V = 4πr3/3 or s3 etc.
 
  • #106
Originally posted by meteor
I find the hypothesis of Arp rather absurd. He is suggesting that quasars are been expulsed from galaxies!

His interpretations of the red-shift anomalies are certainly questionable, but the fact is that the anomalies do exist. This casts a serious doubt on the validity of the Doppler interpretation of Hubble redshift.

Since this doppler interpretation is the only "proof" of an expanding Universe, the whole BBT is thrown into question... once again. I have no doubts that they will find a cure for this little problem too as a testament of the ingenuity of the mind to create a complex solution to an otherwise simple problem.

Halton Arp is not a Plasma Cosmology theorist so I am not arguing in favor of his theories. See http://www.electric-cosmos.org/sun.htm to jump right into the real meat of the theory.

I suggest we discuss the solar model found here and the HR diagram interpretation as well.
 
  • #107
Originally posted by subtillioN
Ok explain to me how a volume can follow mathematical rules?

Those mathematical rules are just descriptive. In other words, they can just describe how space is, as opposed to proscriptive laws that tell space what to do.

That is the clincher isn't it? The rubber-sheet tautology of "curved space" which uses gravity as its own mechanism, simply does not explain ANY mechanism for gravity whatsoever, nor does it explain the mechanism of the formation of a gravitational field.

The analogy is crude and shouldn't be taken too literally. With curvature as an instrinsic property of spacetime (a geometric explanation of Newtons law of gravitation)gravity goes from being a mysterious unexplained force to a well defined pheneomena.

Tell me HOW "space" (nothingness) can get curved by matter. How can nothingness be curved?

Space is just the structural quality of the gravitational field. However that name is misleading, because if you were to empty the universe of all matter and energy, you could still have a flat spacetime defined by the same field. Regardless, it's best not to think of matter as producing some mysterious field, but instead to consider that spacetime curvature is an associated property of matter itself.

The fact is that the observed value of omega is far from being a positive value. So even according to your pure mathematical abstraction space simply cannot be positively curved.

On average, the universe is flat, with an omega value of 1. That doesn't mean local spacetime curvature isn't real though. As well, a multiply connected universe could still be flat on average, and be finite and unbounded. A simply connected universe can only be spherical or infinite, given the cosmological principle. But I'm not sure exactly how a multiply connected spacetime would work.
 
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  • #108
Originally posted by Brad_Ad23
I thought Omega couldn't be negative? Less than 1 was an open universe, 1 was flat and greater than 1 was closed.


Right, sorry I meant it necessitates, according to the abstraction of "curved space", a Universe of negative curvature.


As for how a volume can follow mathematical laws, you need to be more specific.

That is exactly my point.

These concepts are devoid of causality thus they can take virtually any fantastical shape whatsoever
 
  • #109
However, that is the difference between mathematics and physics. Math is abstract and physics is the concrete application of such. Your point is still not made.
 
  • #110
Originally posted by Eh
Those mathematical rules are just descriptive. In other words, they can just describe how space is, as opposed to proscriptive laws that tell space what to do.


Exactly. I completely agree, but I think that this assertion has more far reaching conclusions.


But geometry really only describes space, the structural quality of the gravitational field. If curvature of this space effects the geodesics of matter, then it can certainly be a causative agent, in this case being the mechanism of gravity.

It doesn't explain the causation whatsoever. It just describes the shape of the field and the geodesic trajectories of massive objects etc.

It is at least one level removed from causation.

The analogy is crude and shouldn't be taken literally. With curvature of an instrinsic property of spacetime (a geometric explanation of Newtons law of gravitation)gravity goes from being a mysterious force to an explained pheneomena.

Gravity is simply more accurately quantified and given a more complex explanation. The causative mechanism, however, is not actually explained by relativity nor is it at all understood by the Standard Model.

I don't know why matter has an associated spacetime curvature as it does, but that doesn't mean Einstein's theory isn't useful.

Ok, it is useful for the Standard Model to explain the null-results of the M&M experiment, but it is rapidly becoming superfluous. ((I don't really expect you to understand or agree with this last statement))

Space is just the geometric structure of the gravitational field.

Do you not see the circularity in this "explanation"?

However that name is misleading, because if you were to empty the universe of all matter and energy, you could still have a flat spacetime defined by the same field.


So you are claiming that nothingness has properties? This points to the core error of Physics.

Regardless, it's best not to think of matter as producing some mysterious field, but instead to consider that spacetime curvature is an associated property of matter itself.

Best to maintain the circular mystery perhaps. I prefer a hierarchy to a tautology so I will stick with the Sorce Theory mechanisms.
 
  • #111
Originally posted by Brad_Ad23
However, that is the difference between mathematics and physics. Math is abstract and physics is the concrete application of such. Your point is still not made.

The point is that at the core of physics resides only mathematics and ZERO causation.

The causative level if understood correctly as a fluid-dynamic medium can unify all of physics and explain every single force as a complex consequence of fluid-dynamic pressure.

And all this, if you can believe it, without invoking the physical existence of a single dimension!
 
  • #112
Originally posted by subtillioN

It doesn't explain the causation whatsoever. It just describes the shape of the field and the geodesic trajectories of massive objects etc.

It is at least one level removed from causation.

So, it still has it's use as an explanation for gravity. And if we know that there is an associated curvature with matter, we can see that it's reasonable for a finite and boundless universe.

Ok, it is useful for the Standard Model to explain the null-results of the M&M experiment, but it is rapidly becoming superfluous. ((I don't really expect you to understand or agree with this last statement))

It has nothing to do with the M&M experiment. I'm talking about predictions about astronomical phenomena.

Do you not see the circularity in this "explanation"?

No I don't. What is circular about a field that has geometric structure as one of it's properties?

So you are claiming that nothingness has properties? This points to the core error of Physics.

No, spacetime is a classic field along the lines of the EM field. As I said, the term gravitational field is a bad choice of words, since you can have a field empty of matter (flat) and hence no gravity. But it's just a name we're stuck with, and obviously will lead to confusion. At any rate, I don't know why you would call this field nothingness.

Best to maintain the circular mystery perhaps. I prefer a hierarchy to a tautology so I will stick with the Sorce Theory mechanisms.

Great, but I'd guess that physicists will stick with theories that actually get results.
 
  • #113
Since this doppler interpretation is the only "proof" of an expanding Universe, the whole BBT is thrown into question... once again.

No it's not.



It doesn't explain the causation whatsoever. It just describes the shape of the field and the geodesic trajectories of massive objects etc.

It is at least one level removed from causation.

Causation is described by Einstein's field equations, G=T.


So you are claiming that nothingness has properties? This points to the core error of Physics.

(a) He did not say nothingness; he said a universe devoid of matter and energy.

(b) Of course nothingness has properties. Why wouldn't it?
 
  • #114
Originally posted by Eh
It has nothing to do with the M&M experiment. I'm talking about predictions about astronomical phenomena.


Such as...



No I don't. What is circular about a field that has geometric structure as one of it's properties?

Space is the geometric structure of the g-field and the g-field is the geometric structure of space?

Tautology.



Great, but I'd guess that physicists will stick with theories that actually get results.

You get exactly the SAME results with Sorce Theory as it uses the same equations. Only you can actually understand the mechanisms of all the forces as explained by a single force.
 
  • #115
Originally posted by Hurkyl
No it's not.

You continue to say this but you cannot give an example to prove your assertion.

Here is the my original statement for which your denial stands unsupported by any argument or evidence.

"His [Halton Arp] interpretations of the red-shift anomalies are certainly questionable, but the fact is that the anomalies do exist. This casts a serious doubt on the validity of the Doppler interpretation of Hubble redshift.

"Since this doppler interpretation is the only "proof" of an expanding Universe, the whole BBT is thrown into question... once again."

Can you back up your empty denial of my statement?

Causation is described by Einstein's field equations, G=T.

The large-scale effect of causation is described but the mechanism is absent. This causal mechanism exists within each and every atom in response to a g-field yet Relativity theory has no clue what it is.

(a) He did not say nothingness; he said a universe devoid of matter and energy.

How is that different from nothingness?

(b) Of course nothingness has properties. Why wouldn't it?

Sure why the hell not? But can you tell me HOW it actually could?
 
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  • #116
Originally posted by Eh
On average, the universe is flat, with an omega value of 1. That doesn't mean local spacetime curvature isn't real though. As well, a multiply connected universe could still be flat on average, and be finite and unbounded. A simply connected universe can only be spherical or infinite, given the cosmological principle. But I'm not sure exactly how a multiply connected spacetime would work.

Flat? Omega at one? By whose measurements? Unless you are counting the hypothetical Dark Matter/Energy kludge-particles created to fix the anomalies in the standard model of galaxies, there is FAR from enough detectable mass-containing matter to place the value of omega at one. You should understand that if you are counting hypothetical particles of hypothetical mass then we can place this value WHEREVER we want, hypothetically, with no recourse to reality whatsoever. Of what scientific good is this value if it is generated entirely by the human mind by its assumption of hypothetical WIMP's and MACHO's to fix its problematic theories?

It is true that we observe no curvature, but would we really observe one if the light is curved by it? I personally think the whole concept of "physically curved space" is nonsense as it contains no causal mechanism by which space could actually be curved. "Curved space" is merely a mapping scheme for the structure of a g-field whose deeper mechanisms are entirely unknown by the Standard Model. To assume that the entire universe could be described by a single g-field mapping is absurd. We still have yet to see any clue that it is not infinite in extent. It appears to just go on forever as far as we can tell.
 
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  • #117
Originally posted by meteor
The dynamics of galaxies is reasonably understood...

Is that why they can't understand the mechanism for the gravitational rotation curve of the matter in the galaxy without inventing a whole host of hypothetical entities (MACHO's and WIMP's etc.)? The Plasma Cosmology model needs no hypothetical entities to explain the rotation curve. It simply uses the observed galactic magnetic fields and intergalactic electric currents to explain it.

He says that the quasars show such high redshift because that is a "inherent" redshift of the quasar. Wait. Why has to have a quasar inherent redshift and not, for example, my book or my wardrobe? If objects would have inherent redshifts then it would have been discovered in laboratories here in Earth
His theory is full of nonsenses: How he explain that tre vast majority of the observed quasars are NOT near any galaxies?

The fact is that many quasars are physically associated with host galaxies of much different red-shift. The problem is how can you explain the association if you assume the doppler interpretation of red-shift which puts the quasars in very different regions of space from their observed host galaxies? The phenomenon is far too common to explain it as a simple coincidence. Thus we must admit that the quasar is getting red-shifted by some other mechanism or that it is traveling at strangely high speeds wrt the host galaxy which would require a mechanism such as the ejection from the host galaxy.

Here is a quote from http://www.electric-cosmos.org/arp.htm
"Arp discovered, by taking photographs through the big telescopes, that many pairs of quasars ("quasi-stellar objects") which have extremely high redshift z values (and are therefore thought to be receding from us very rapidly - and thus must be located at a great distance from us) are physically associated with galaxies that have low redshift and are known to be relatively close by. Arp has photographs of many pairs of high redshift quasars that are symmetrically located on either side of what he suggests are their parent, low redshift galaxies. These pairings occur much more often than the probabilities of random placement would allow. Mainstream astrophysicists try to explain away Arp's observations of connected galaxies and quasars as being "illusions" or "coincidences of apparent location". But, the large number of physically associated quasars and low red shift galaxies that he has photographed and cataloged defies that evasion. It simply happens too often

Because of Arp's photos, the assumption that high red shift objects have to be very far away - on which the "Big Bang" theory and all of "accepted cosmology" is based - is proven to be wrong! The Big Bang theory is therefore falsified."


Can yet another falsification make a difference in the belief structure of science? I doubt it. There is surely some inventable mechanism to fix yet another problem with the core assumptions of the BBT (another hypothetical kludge-particle which is conveniently only emitted in the vicinity of a quasar, perhaps?)

Like the Earth-centric Model of the solar system, the BBT gets reinvented again and again with hypothetical entities such as inflation, WIMP's, MACHO's, etc. (the modern-day form of Ptolemy's equally hypothetical "epicycles"), until finally, at this point in time around %99 of the entire known Universe must now be made of hypothetical Dark Matter/Energy particles to account for the BB interpretation of its observable properties.

15 billion years old? Give me a break, there are known structures in the Universe (such as the Great Wall of galaxies) that would have taken HUNDREDS of billions of years to form under the assumptions of the BBT and its observed "flatness".

see this link for example http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf067/sf067a08.htm


see also the "Fingers of God" section from http://www.electric-cosmos.org/arp.htm. Here is a quote.

"The "Fingers of God"


The diagram above is an attempt to plot the positions of the galaxies we can see from Earth that are located in a ninety degree field of view centered on the Virgo Galaxy Cluster. The distance of each galaxy that was used to make this plot is computed by presuming that its actual distance is proportional to its redshift value - as modern astronomers do. As a result, the Virgo cluster itself takes on the shape of two long fingers pointed directly at Earth. These have become known as "The Fingers of God". (Shown here in red.)

Long cosmic sized fingers pointed directly at Earth! This result is false on its face. It is independent proof that the "redshift equals distance" assumption is nonsense. Again - Copernicus discovered many years ago that the Earth was not the center of anything! A galaxy cluster should have a more symmetrical shape than this. Arp demonstrates that the Virgo cluster is much more compact than it appears in this diagram. The high redshift galaxies in the upper regions of the diagram are not far away - they are just very young! And much closer to us than this diagram would indicate.

How astrophysicists can continue to look at this diagram and not see that something is very wrong with their theory is evidence of how disconnected from reality they have become.

It is ironic to remember that Galileo got into trouble with the Church by defending the work of Copernicus. Copernicus' voice is coming down to us today through the ages - "If you think that all the galaxies in the Virgo Cluster are in a couple of straight lines that point directly at Earth, you are wrong!" Arp is, indeed, today's Galileo.

So, Arp is correct in his contention that redshift is caused mainly by an object's being young, and only secondarily because of its velocity. Therefore, quasars are not the brightest, most distant and rapidly moving things in the observed universe - but they are among the youngest. And the Virgo galaxy cluster most certainly does not take the shape of long "Fingers of God" pointed directly at Earth. The Big Bang Theory is false.

"
 
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  • #118
Originally posted by subtillioN
Such as...

The curvature of light when it passes the sun, gravitational lensing, gravitational waves, the expanding universe, black holes, the evolution of stars, etc. Very useful for cosmology.

Space is the geometric structure of the g-field and the g-field is the geometric structure of space?

Tautology.

No, that would be circular. But I'm not claiming the field is the structure of space, since the stucture of the field is what we call space. In other words, the field is what defines spacetime and space in the traditional sense, has absolutely no existence independent of it.

You get exactly the SAME results with Sorce Theory as it uses the same equations. Only you can actually understand the mechanisms of all the forces as explained by a single force.

Right. I'm sure the physics community would be dying to see how you are able to unify all the forces, but I'm guessing they'll have to look here on the internet instead of a physics journal. Take it to the appropriate forum.
 
  • #119
One thing is true, and is that the photos of Arp seem very convincing when you see them the first time. See here:
www.electric-cosmos.org/arp.htm
Time ago, I was convinced too that the photos were a prove that redshift couldn't be an indicator of distances. Then I realized that can exist other alternatives. Have you ever think that the apparent bridge between the two objects can be a jet expulsed by the galaxy?
For example, in M87, a galaxy, there's a jet going away from the galaxy.Here's the photo:
www.seds.org/messier/m/m087.html[/URL]
And there are a great number of galaxies that shows that kind of jet,
for example the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4151
 
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  • #120
Originally posted by subtillioN
Flat? Omega at one? By whose measurements? Unless you are counting the hypothetical Dark Matter/Energy kludge-particles created to fix the anomalies in the standard model of galaxies, there is FAR from enough detectable mass-containing matter to place the value of omega at one.

Findings from things like WMAP suggest the universe indeed is flat, but the trouble is cosmologists don't have enough known matter to explain why that is so.

It is true that we observe no curvature, but would we really observe one if the light is curved by it? I personally think the whole concept of "physically curved space" is nonsense as it contains no causal mechanism by which space could actually be curved. "Curved space" is merely a mapping scheme for the structure of a g-field whose deeper mechanisms are entirely unknown by the Standard Model.

Like I said, curved is no less real than flat. In other words, the geometry of spacetime can ether be described by the rules of Euclid or it can't. Yes, light acts as if there is real curvature.

To assume that the entire universe could be described by a single g-field mapping is absurd. We still have yet to see any clue that it is not infinite in extent. It appears to just go on forever as far as we can tell.

It is based on the assumption that the cosmological principle is valid throughout the universe. It seems to hold true wherever we look, but it's possible it doesn't on large scales.
 

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