# Why does the LHC need to be more powerful?

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1. Nov 4, 2015

### Billson231

I am doing a piece of A-2 coursework concerning the LHC and its restart and cannot understand why the increase in energy of run 2 would allow us to detect heavier particles such as those proposed by SUSY.

2. Nov 4, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
The center-of-mass energy of a particle collision puts an upper bound on the masses of the particles which can be produced through the mass-energy equivalence (which is essentially saying that mass is a form of energy). In order to create a particle of mass $m$, you need to have an energy $mc^2$ available. Therefore, higher energies means you can create heavier particles. Then there is of course the question whether it is reasonable or not to expect SUSY particles to be at the mass scale between the previous run and this one ...

3. Nov 4, 2015

### Billson231

Ok thanks that is very helpful.

4. Nov 4, 2015

### Billson231

Is it as simple as saying that particles produced must have a mass less than centre-of-mass energy divided by the speed of light squared? (factoring in the electron volts)

5. Nov 4, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
Yes.

6. Nov 4, 2015

### Billson231

Using centre-of-mass energy 16TeV (a proton-proton collision when the LHC had the its greatest energy input of run 1, 8Tev) I get a value greater than 100,000 GeV/c squared. This seems much too large when compared to mass of particles discovered. I used the the Lorentz variant quantity expression to get the centre-of-mass energy.

7. Nov 4, 2015

### Orodruin

Staff Emeritus
The energy quoted by the LHC generally is the CoM energy of the protons ... If you have a CoM energy of 14 TeV, you will at most be able to create particles with a total of 14 TeV/c^2 of mass. Generally, the actual partons carry less than everything of the momentum and the actual parton-parton processes occur at lower CoM.

8. Nov 4, 2015

### ChrisVer

8TeV was the Center of Mass energy, and not the energy of the protons...
I don't understand how you got 100TeV mass for a product (this violates energy/momentum conservation)

9. Nov 4, 2015

### Staff: Mentor

The current center of mass energy is 13 TeV, by the way.

As protons are not elementary particles, the collisions are better described by collisions of "parts" of the protons, those "parts" are called partons. They have some fraction of the total energy of the protons, and more than half of the proton energy is extremely rare. Therefore, we can search for more high-energetic particles, but not up to 13 TeV. The actual sensitivity depends on the specific model considered ("how likely is the production of particle X in model Y?"), but for every model increasing the energy helps to search for heavier particles.

10. Nov 6, 2015

### Ronie Bayron

Does the collision of accelerated particles in LHC produce the same elementary particles, we have in the universe or not?

11. Nov 6, 2015

### Staff: Mentor

The LHC is part of the universe. All the particles it produces are the elementary particles we have in our universe.

All particles we know about are produced at the LHC.

12. Nov 6, 2015

### Ronie Bayron

I mean particles common referring to a stable material.

13. Nov 6, 2015

### Staff: Mentor

"All particles" includes stable particles, of course.