Why doesn't voltage vary beyond breakdown voltage in a zener diode?

[Amrutha.phy]

Why doesn't the voltage vary beyond breakdown voltage in zener diode?

 

[LvW]

In fact, it does vary. The finite slope of the Iz-Vz characteristic is expressed in form of a dynamic (differential) resistance rz which assumes rather small values (some ohms).
More than that, this value (the slope) is not constant but varies with the current Iz.

 

[Jeff Rosenbury]

It does.

There is a voltage-current curve, it just has a sharp knee.

The reason the knee is so sharp is because the Zener effect is based on tunneling.

 

[meBigGuy]

To answer your basic question, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

"Under a high reverse-bias voltage, the p-n junction's depletion region expands, leading to a high strength electric field across the junction. A sufficiently strong electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor leading to a large number of free charge carriers. This sudden generation of carriers rapidly increases the reverse current and gives rise to the high slope conductance of the Zener diode."

So, a reverse biased diode has a non-destructive breakdown voltage, above which it has significant conductance compared to below it.