Why is the speed of light the same relative to any frame of reference?

[mhernan]

Some mathematical models are a perfect mapping of reality. The difference between the way you and Hawking think about reality is not as fundamental as you seem to be implying. If someone tells you they put five stones in a basket, took three out, and found four inside, you know they are not telling the truth. You know the equation which describes what happens to stones in a basket, and you have as much faith in that equation as physicists have in theirs.

mhernan replies]
I cannot quarrel for what mathematics is and I am not aNti-mathemtics anymore than I am anti-paint. With HawkinG, howevr, there is a Sticking point: For all the claims he has made about black holes, singularities and what not, he prEsents the findings as gospel,as scientific truth. Assume his mathematics is impeccable and he hasn't misplaced a minus sign or a '2'. Like any other system using mathematics the input needs accuracy as well as mathematical manipulation. Garbage in garbae out I learned when fiorst programming in fortran. Are the quantum mechanical assumption true in Hawking 'black hole' analysis? Are his desisions along the way of ignoring this or that, or eliminating the 'seond order terms'. I don't know and neither does the mass of physicists who have heard of Hawking and his general theory of what ever. Is the mathematical model he uses of value?

SO often, especially on these pages, there is the stated, or implied, fact that "most scientists agree". What bunk. Science isn't a political disciplne, but getting funding by not straying from the well defined 'standard model path' seems to be the watchword.

I read somewhere that a 'scientist' needs more expertise in proposal writing, than quantum theory, which can be made up as one goes along.

End of venting.

 

[matt grime]

Mehrmann, you do understand what the word theory means don't you?

 

[Hurkyl]

https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=155786&postcount=8

That post referred to the 4-D "speed" of some (any) object. I suppose that means

(ds/dt)^2 = 1 - (dx/dt)^2 - (dy/dt)^2 - (dz/dt)^2 = 1 - v^2

??

That is not equal to c = 1. In fact, photons go at zero 4-D "speed"?

The 4-velocity along a worldline is

<br /> v = \left( c \frac{dt}{d\tau}, \frac{dx}{d\tau}, \frac{dy}{d\tau}, \frac{dz}{d\tau} \right)<br />

So the (square of) 4-speed is

<br /> v^2 = c^2 \frac{dt}{d\tau}^2 - \frac{dx}{d\tau}^2 - \frac{dy}{d\tau}^2 - \frac{dz}{d\tau}^2<br />

Recall that d\tau is defined by (c d\tau)^2 = (c dt)^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2, and if we "divide through" by d\tau^2 we see that v^2 = c^2.

 

[mhernan]

Mehrmann, you do understand what the word theory means don't you?

[Mhernan replies?
Like 'relativity theory'? the Lorenz and Fitzgerald contraction theory? Math not physics.
The gobbly-d-goop quantum theory of contrived mania? wave-paricle duality, superposition of states, interference amplitude, these all assuming the world operates as mathematical models dictate? Read chapter 5 of Feynman as a scientist and see if you can find any "errors" in logic and reasoning, I dare you, or anyone to do this.
Ptolemy's circles-within-circles theory? Hey it worked for two thousand years and for over 100 years after Gallileo.
evolutionatry theory? Yeah, right, prove it.

With relativity theory, pretty much all mathematical, wouldn't you agree? The relativists are fond of quoting Michelson-Morley experiments as '"a null result", which they wasn't. MM results were merely 1/20 or so from what the "classical model" predicted they should have been. See Dayton Miller (circa 1920-1930) whose mathematics is restricted to correlating experimental results, who found essentially the same as MM, only more and better with higher resolution. Are you referring to the 1919 eclipse experiments that launched Al Einstein into orbit? Telescopes with 1-2 arc seconds of resolution claimed by Al to give results in the range of hundreths of a millimeter? Al actually spied on Miller and personnally thanked those supporting RT! Check the internet for challenges to RT theory.

I am not sure what your question is directed at, but is seems you intended a one liner that was supposed to make me "gulp", am I correct? Read Feynman's
'Lectures on Physics' Vol III page 1-10 to 1-11 (the prevailing mentality is it not?) where he says that qt is here forever and that physics has "given up", and that qt is just the way it is. Why have any qt research at all, if the qt gods have already spoken, theoretically that is? This is science? I quit counting at 100 of the instances Feynman said something to the effect "we (I) don't know" and I began to believe his confession of ignorance, and still do. They actually give Nobel Prizes for that kind of stuff? Wow!, where have I been?

 

[selfAdjoint]

mhernan,

If relativity is "just math" what about all the experimental evidence? Since you only mention the Michelson-Morley experiment, I conjecture you don't know about all the cyclotrons, synchrotrons, etc., the GPS satellites, the clock studies, the lifetime of elementary particles, and much much more I can't call to mind at this moment. Relativity is one of the most thoroughly experimentally supported theories in history. You really have to deal with all that if you want to criticize it.

 

[matt grime]

Evidently from your rant of a reply you don't understand what the word theory means.

 

[confutatis]

I cannot quarrel for what mathematics is and I am not aNti-mathemtics anymore than I am anti-paint. With HawkinG, howevr, there is a Sticking point: For all the claims he has made about black holes, singularities and what not, he prEsents the findings as gospel,as scientific truth.

I think the problem with people like Hawking is not that they have too much faith in mathematics, but simply that they have too much faith in themselves. That I find really annoying.

Are the quantum mechanical assumption true in Hawking 'black hole' analysis? Are his desisions along the way of ignoring this or that, or eliminating the 'seond order terms'. I don't know and neither does the mass of physicists who have heard of Hawking and his general theory of what ever. Is the mathematical model he uses of value?

I think most of advanced physics is pure garbage. It's assumption upon assumption upon assumption... then they end up with ridiculous nonsense and look at each other in amazement: "we have discovered that the universe is nonsensical!"

One can only laugh at the comedy.

So often, especially on these pages, there is the stated, or implied, fact that "most scientists agree". What bunk.

I think scientists are quite good at projecting an image of consensus, because they know they can lose those grants if they let people know what they are really doing.

Hawking made that very clear in one of this books. He clearly stated that physicists should not refer to research on time travel by its real name, and use something like "superluminal velocities" or some other fancy jargon I don't care to remember. His rationale? In his own words, people believe time travel is nonsense and would never give physicists money to do any research on it. So in order to get the money, physicists must lie to the public.

Those are the heroes of our time...

End of venting.

ditto

 

[Organic]

Matt Grime,

Please, define theory.

 

[Organic]

outandbeyond2004,

That is not equal to c = 1. In fact, photons go at zero 4-D "speed"?

I think maybe there is here an interesting point of view on c speed.

What if n+1_Dim appears as a motion in n_Dim?

Let us say that the existence of some phenomena cannot be totally disconnected with some cognition's abilities to know it.

If this is the case then for aleph0_Dim-cognition, motion does not exist.

But if motion does not exist then there is no difference between n and n+1, therefore "to know something from aleph0_Dim-cognition" = "to know something from 0_Dim-cognition"

What do you think?

 

[mhernan]

mhernan,

If relativity is "just math" what about all the experimental evidence? Since you only mention the Michelson-Morley experiment, I conjecture you don't know about all the cyclotrons, synchrotrons, etc., the GPS satellites, the clock studies, the lifetime of elementary particles, and much much more I can't call to mind at this moment. Relativity is one of the most thoroughly experimentally supported theories in history. You really have to deal with all that if you want to criticize it.

You just uttered useles words. Why don't you prove what you are saying instead of presenting your "theory" as some sort of polirical assessment? You are in tghe proof business aren't you?

 

[mhernan]

I think the problem with people like Hawking is not that they have too much faith in mathematics, but simply that they have too much faith in themselves. That I find really annoying.



I think most of advanced physics is pure garbage. It's assumption upon assumption upon assumption... then they end up with ridiculous nonsense and look at each other in amazement: "we have discovered that the universe is nonsensical!"

One can only laugh at the comedy.



I think scientists are quite good at projecting an image of consensus, because they know they can lose those grants if they let people know what they are really doing.

Hawking made that very clear in one of this books. He clearly stated that physicists should not refer to research on time travel by its real name, and use something like "superluminal velocities" or some other fancy jargon I don't care to remember. His rationale? In his own words, people believe time travel is nonsense and would never give physicists money to do any research on it. So in order to get the money, physicists must lie to the public.

Those are the heroes of our time...



ditto

mhernaqn replies,

you are going to get in trouble talking like tha . We're supposed to argue, dotcha know?

 

[mhernan]

mhernan,

If relativity is "just math" what about all the experimental evidence? Since you only mention the Michelson-Morley experiment, I conjecture you don't know about all the cyclotrons, synchrotrons, etc., the GPS satellites, the clock studies, the lifetime of elementary particles, and much much more I can't call to mind at this moment. Relativity is one of the most thoroughly experimentally supported theories in history. You really have to deal with all that if you want to criticize it.

mhernan replies.
No I mentionmed th e1919 eclipse studies that launched Einstein and jammed the relativity theory down our mental gullets. It's propaganda.

 

[mhernan]

Evidently from your rant of a reply you don't understand what the word theory means.

mhernan says,

I understand it from my perspective, rantingly biased, of course.

 

[mhernan]

Einsteins motionless simulteneity experiment: Reply to Speed-o-light

We have two light sources at L and R with an observor at M. A train passes by at T1, the instant light pulses leave L and R.

L -----------------------M--------------------------- R


-------------------------T1-------T2-----T3

later, but before the light reaches M, the pulse from R reaches T2.
.

After the pulses reach M at the same time, the light from L strikes the train at T3.
This is experiment #1.


Now, we place detectors on the ground next to where T2 and T3 are going to pass such that the light from both sources strike two detectors at T2 and then two detectors at T3, both at the same instant in their respective locations. The stationry and train mounted detectors are placed on wave length of light apart.
Experiment #2

Now, we eliminate the train and place two detectors at T2 and two detectors at T3 all on the ground.
Experiment #3

Is not this Einstein's (I have his "Relativity" book in fornt of me as I type) simulteneity experiment so widely discussed?

What is all the fuss about?

 

[matt grime]

Organic, the idea of the word theory is that is 'the best we have'. It needs to explain phenomena, and no one claims it is true only that it is validated by said phenomena. That doesn't stop some result being true within the theory obviously. Relativity has been widely valitdated, as has quantum mechanics. The two do not sit comfortably together, and they will be replaced by something that can synthesize the two and account for gravity.

For Mehrnan to find it distressing that a scientist can believe ina theory, and know that it will be replaced indicates that he doesn't know how scientists think or work. And never trust anyone who refers to themselves in the third person; they probably will benefit from lots of counselling.

No (physical) theory can be proved, it can only be validated or disproved. And even its disproof doesn't alter its uses. Has the world stopped using Newtonian mechanics because of the discovery of quantum effects?

 

[Nereid]

mhernan replies.
No I mentionmed th e1919 eclipse studies that launched Einstein and jammed the relativity theory down our mental gullets. It's propaganda.

The 1919 eclipse observations were not very good, in terms of accuracy and constraining GR (or its competitors).

However, radio VBLI observations have improved the accuracy of this particular test considerably, to ~1 part in 10,000. Further, the deflection has now been measured far from the Sun, and GR passed those tests. Further2, it's not just radio, http://astro.estec.esa.nl/Hipparcos/ increased the accuracy of tests in the visible light part of the spectrum.

Details of these tests, and much much more, can be found http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2001-4/

 

[Nereid]

I think the problem with people like Hawking is not that they have too much faith in mathematics, but simply that they have too much faith in themselves. That I find really annoying.

I think most of advanced physics is pure garbage. It's assumption upon assumption upon assumption... then they end up with ridiculous nonsense and look at each other in amazement: "we have discovered that the universe is nonsensical!"

One can only laugh at the comedy.

I think scientists are quite good at projecting an image of consensus, because they know they can lose those grants if they let people know what they are really doing.

Hawking made that very clear in one of this books. He clearly stated that physicists should not refer to research on time travel by its real name, and use something like "superluminal velocities" or some other fancy jargon I don't care to remember. His rationale? In his own words, people believe time travel is nonsense and would never give physicists money to do any research on it. So in order to get the money, physicists must lie to the public.

Those are the heroes of our time...

Two questions:
1) How do you account for the results of experiments and observations done to test GR?

In other words, what explanation do you give when asked: "what is the observed deflection of light by the Sun is due to?" and so on, for the thousands of experiments which have been performed?

2) How do you think your computer works?

In particular, how do the CPU and RAM chips work, at the level of the doped silicon and electrons?

 

[mhernan]

Organic, the idea of the word theory is that is 'the best we have'. It needs to explain phenomena, and no one claims it is true only that it is validated by said phenomena. That doesn't stop some result being true within the theory obviously. Relativity has been widely valitdated, as has quantum mechanics. The two do not sit comfortably together, and they will be replaced by something that can synthesize the two and account for gravity.

mhernan responds

Theories do not explain phenomena, theories explain themselves. Like the country western song goes: Relativity and Quantum theorists are the Queens of Denial.

Your interset in truth is nonexistent, therefore your statement regarding truth can be discarded as unsupported opinion.

Validation isn't claimed as true, only that it fits within the theoretical limits. Then Ptolemy's circles within circles theory was consistently validated for some 2000 years. For the purposes that this theory was instituted it worked. Most thought it also was "true". Your theory then as you have described it is one of utility: If it works it has value. Check the Web Sites on the matter and you will see a number of other theories that also dovetails with Mecuriy's perihelion 'error' that is not relativistically models. All of the "validation you discuss is well known, but also flawed. J.S.Bell proved, using quantum theory methods that qt was incomplete unless in contained nonlocal forces in the model stsructure. So what is this thing about validation that seems so important? It sounds like "truth" or "reality" is not a subject matter of interest for the theorists. You have made claims about validation in a number of experiments. Are you able to prove your staements or are your claims sufficient by themselves for some useful purpose of winning this debate?.

A school teacher discovrd the relationship E = mc.2 some fifteen years bfore Lorentz or whoever preceded Einstein.

The 1/(1- v>2)>1/2 is not a statement of physics describing a real phenomena. The statement follows the logic , I suppose, of the discoverers. Fine, I'm just not interested in applying myself to a disciplne that purports to be nature oriented, but is in fact just another club of believers that have maintained a "standard model" or some agreement, and for what purpose? The theoretical phenomenologists shrug off the particular reality as it has no place in the hierarchy of the model. QT even has this process built into the model.

You need "synthesis" and "gravity" included in both? Pretty tall order. You seem to b e implying that thios little tweaking of the current model and all is accomplished. Why even pretend the current qt and rt theories are useful for scientific purposes? They are both mathmatical instabilities, contrivances, something to mutter to the general public as a substitute for knowledge and Mother Nature doesn't work that way.


When you claim incompatibility between qt and rert and admit changes must eventuially will occur, why discuss the current understanding as somehting to dogmatically support?

Matt Grime]
For Mehrnan to find it distressing that a scientist can believe in a theory, and know that it will be replaced indicates that he doesn't know how scientists think or work. And never trust anyone who refers to themselves in the third person; they probably will benefit from lots of counselling.


mhernan responds

I am not distressed because of your belief system, which isn't a scientifically validated mental state anyway, it is a religious one, a dogmatic belief in the "curent system" until one , or two of you come up with something exciting for the rest to chew on. I am not distressed peiod. Anyway your belief system , it is psychological, a form of a mental "security blanket". I know how you work, though I wouldn't use the description of scientist, when that is inaccurate.

So there is an "amplitude" that I will benefit from counseling, is there? What is the number? Have you a mathematical model, or experimental proof, or are you just muttering a little insulting dig at my depressed level, while you elevate yourself to some enlightened intellectual state of superiority? You do realize, do you not Matt Grime, that the insecure use such tactics you just described, which doesn't make you a bad person, just limited in mental scope -depthm breadth, and width. Or are you just being cute?

Matt Grime
No (physical) theory can be proved, it can only be validated or disproved. And even its disproof doesn't alter its uses. Has the world stopped using Newtonian mechanics because of the discovery of quantum effects?

responds mhernan

Of course you are going to offer a proof of some sort that theories cannot be proved in your respose to this aren't you? Newtonian and Quantum Mechanics are both flawed "theories", though Neils Bohr, said that QT flowed from Newtonian Mechanics down to the small world, and that each have their realm. One doesn't use interference amplitude when scientifically scrutinizing Barry Bond's latest home run. Apples do not replace, nor substitue for rutabegas, do they? The quantum efects are little teeny peeks through the Wizard of Oz's curtain, that is all. Methinkis you may have a distorted view on matters that is biased by herd thoughts. You are writing as if QT was some universally accepted modeling of whatever. Well it isn't, anad we on the other side only chuckle when our integrity is rehabilitated through counselling. My shrink usually gets into some uncontrollable laughing spasm when I relate the menatal deficiencies of quantum theorists who think they have taken the high ground in the discussion with their condescending and smug tonalities.

We are amused, Matt Grimes.

Roses are red, violets are blue,
I'm schizophrenic, and so am I[/QUOTE]

 

[Organic]

Dear mhernan,

Roses are red, violets are blue,
I'm schizophrenic, and so am I

Thank you for participating with us your disease.

I wish you a peaceful life as much as possible.

 

[confutatis]

Thank you for participating with us your disease.

If I may insert a quick comment, just yesterday I was reading this:

The MWI was first put forth by Hugh Everett III in a Princeton doctoral thesis written for John Wheeler in 1956. It was soon taken up and elaborated by Bryce DeWitt. For several years John Wheeler defended his student's theory, but finally decided it was "on the wrong track," no more than a bizarre language for QM and one that carried "too much metaphysical baggage." However, recent polls show that about half of all QM experts now favor the theory, though it is seldom clear whether they think the other worlds are physically real or just abstractions such as numbers and triangles. Apparently both Everett and DeWitt took the realist approach. Roger Penrose is among many famous physicists who find the MWI appalling. The late Irish physicist John S. Bell called the MWI "grotesque" and just plain "silly." Most working physicists simply ignore the theory as nonsense.

In an article on "Quantum Mechanics and Reality" [...], DeWitt wrote with vast understatement about his first reaction to Everett's thesis: "I still recall vividly the shock I experienced on first encountering the multiworld concept. The idea of [a virtually infinite amount of] slightly imperfect copies of oneself all constantly splitting into further copies, which ultimately become unrecognizable, is not easy to reconcile with common sense. This is schizophrenia with a vengeance!"

(Quoted from http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-09/fringe-watcher.html )

Sometimes I think the only difference between physicists and schizophrenics is that physicists get paid to sound crazy.

 

[mhernan]

Dear mhernan,

Thank you for participating with us your disease.

I wish you a peaceful life as much as possible.

mhernan responds
On my planet we have jokes. I suppose you call these jokes diseases. What are diseases?

 

[Organic]

What are diseases?

In our planet diseases are sometimes jokes who can kill us.

 

[russ_watters]

You just uttered useles words. Why don't you prove what you are saying instead of presenting your "theory" as some sort of polirical assessment? You are in tghe proof business aren't you?

It's propaganda...

For starters, mhernan, your tone needs to change. This is a place for friendly discussion - scientific discussion.

Second, SA shouldn't need to tell you that there is a lot of experimental evidence for Relativity - if you understand it as well as you think/say you do, you should already know that. If you don't already know that, then there is a gap in your knowledge that is hindering your ability to understand the issue here.

If you haven't already seen it, Nereid posts (though she didn't in this thread unless I missed it...)THIS page listing experimental tests of SR and http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2001-4/ one listing tests of GR in just about every thread where someone attacks Relativity. If you have specific issues with any (all) of these tests or can provide a real experiment that is not consistent with Relativity, please do tell us. But remember: all arguments must be grounded in science. Do not just keep spouting off about "propaganda" - you won't get very far here.

If your problem is with the scientific method itself or the very concept of reality, well - this is the Philosophy section, but I find it curious that your problems are much more focused than that: it seems that you just don't like certain theories that don't make logical sense to you.

 

[Les Sleeth]

For starters, mhernan, your tone needs to change. This is a place for friendly discussion - scientific discussion. . . .

If your problem is with the scientific method itself or the very concept of reality, well - this is the Philosophy section, but I find it curious that your problems are much more focused than that: it seems that you just don't like certain theories that don't make logical sense to you.

I've observed this debate as an outsider, but my impression of how it's unfolded has me questioning your interpretation.

What I have witnessed is mhernan suggesting that intuition, overall, deserves priority over mathematics as one proceeds in research. Then he got jumped on for suggesting such a thing. It seemed the mentors assumed he was a flake, who wouldn't follow up what he intuited with sound research.

Mhernan took that assumption personally (as a newbie at a forum might be inclined to do), started firing back, and that's been the theme of things here since.

When you say "This is a place for friendly discussion . . . " I wonder if our new Administrator is setting the standard for feedback. I hope it's not the case but sometimes it feels like his approach is to intimidate, make people feel stupid and afraid to ask questions, and discourage anyone who fails to meet exalted standards.

It seems we could be more hospitable until someone proves they are misinformed and/or illogical, and then won't listen about that.

 

[FZ+]

What I have witnessed is mhernan suggesting that intuition, overall, deserves priority over mathematics as one proceeds in research. Then he got jumped on and thrashed like a child molester for suggesting such a thing. It seemed the mentors assumed he was a flake, who wouldn't follow up what he intuited with sound research.

Rationalizations as in the feakish use of mathematical models that are of value only to the mathematicians: See "interference amplitude", "relativity" and "AIDS" for soem ice berg tips.

I haven't really looked at this thread, but I don't think LWS has analysed the situation correctly. I fail to see how he can conduct sound research while condemning rational (mathematical) thought, and denouncing the results of thousands of experiments, research and so on. His attitude appears simply to be that of utter arrogance, and disregard of a key tenet of the scientific method - you try to evaluate and incorporate all the evidence.

It is hard to think of his as logical, if he is attacking logic itself.

 

[Les Sleeth]

I haven't really looked at this thread, but I don't think LWS has analysed the situation correctly.

If you've not read it, how can we trust your opinion? Have you intuited mhernan's meaning?

Mhernan wrote:

To those who are following this thread please be aware that it was I who used the term "intuition" for which the process of intuition is being debated as to its value as a competent and useful activity on a level with modern science. At no instant have I assumed or intentionally , or otherwise, indicated that a "message" arrived at through intuition be treated in the same light as a physical observation. Even Descarte had a problem, other than his 'rush of insight' at an early age. He struggled with the question of truth being somehow related to 'rational mental processes'- I think therefore I am.

My use of intuition was intended as response to what I understood was a claim that "mathematics" was a process providing scientific information with informatioal integrity on the level of experimetnal and scientific observations.

Whatever the arguments may be, one way or the other, my use of the word intuition was then intended, and remains intended, to mean that intuition >= mathematics as as valuable scientific information in modeling of nature.

That is how I understood his use of the word before he had to explain it as he did above. When he was reminded about the necessity of math, I didn't see why anyone saw the need to do that unless they were assuming (or had they, like you, intuited? ) he didn't intend to be thorough. In other words, the reaction seemed knee-jerk, and not one based on what information they had about mhernan yet.

I fail to see how he can conduct sound research while condemning rational (mathematical) thought, and denouncing the results of thousands of experiments, research and so on.

You really are off base FZ. Mhernan never said or implied that.

His attitude appears simply to be that of utter arrogance, and disregard of a key tenet of the scientific method - you try to evaluate and incorporate all the evidence. It is hard to think of his as logical, if he is attacking logic itself.

You better read the thread. Your analysis of mhernan isn't even close as far as I can see. My interpretation is that his sarcasm has mostly been a reaction to being treated (or feeling he was treated) inconsiderately.

 

[Hurkyl]

It seems some posts have been deleted. I can't find the post I quoted in my first reply, despite mhernan acknowledging he had posted it with:

quote:
Mhernan stated in an earlier post:
sees their rational professionalism as superior to intuition, reason and simplicity.
[ /QUOTE]


To which Hurky replied, somewhat indignantly:

(space added in the [ /quote] flag so it didn't close my quote)

 

[IooqXpooI]

Not the ONLY constant...

It's explained in 'special relativity'...

 

[metacristi]

Why is the speed of light the same relative to any frame of reference?

It is impossible to prove that enunciation,it is a basic principle,accepted as true,still only provisionally.Sufficient reasons against would bring its demise from science.Some might argue rightly that it is metaphysical,in spite of Michelson Morley experiment,indeed the before mentioned experiment cannot rule out the existence of aether,we can always postulate that the aether interacts very faintly with usual matter.Still it is a fruitful theoretical construct from which,in conjunction with the principle of equivalence of the laws of physics in all inertial frames,we can deduce the standard Lorenz transformations,supported by empirically known facts,making also new predictions.This is an fine example of why metaphysical assumptions are allowable within science but only if in conjunction with other accepted enunciations within the main body of accepted scientific knowledge produce new,but potentially testable,predictions.It is true now that some ad hoc hypotheses (if they have a strong compatibility with accepted knowledge) are allowed,still if they remain in that state for a long time it is unlikely that they will be retained within science if they will not be made fruitful in the way I explained above.Otherwise only if were found new data which to sustain them would we be still entitled to maintain them as being scientific enunciations and thus prefer them for all our practical purposes to all other,lacking such support for the moment,equal alternative explanations (for example in the same way how discoveries in chemistry,explanation of brownian motion and the kinetic theory of gases sustained Dalton's hypothesis regarding the existence of atoms well before their indirect experimental confirmation).I'm afraid not absolutely everything goes,history clearly vindicates the existence of a method,having at base empiricism (no proof that comepting hypotheses are incommensurable,thus at least on long run they are potentially comparable on empirical grounds) and the principle of sufficient reason (the base of human rationality).Even the famous irrationalist examples with Copernicus and Galileo can be easily explained in the lakatosian view (its only weakness is the existence of instant refutations in some cases,very few anyway) if we take in account how were they accepted by all scientists (the hypothesis making process is totally another thing,it might be irrational).

As an interesting digression here the standard Lorenz transformations are not the only transformations we can deduce from them (the principle that all laws of physics are the same in all inertial systems and the principle of the constance of the speed of light in all inertial frames).Since we do not have a direct confirmation for the contraction of lengths (only for the dilation of time) it is possible to obtain a modified set of Lorentz transformations which does not sustain the contraction of lengths,the interesting thing is that some of those possible transformations are compatible with the existence of a preferential system of reference whilst retaining the equivalence between all systems of reference.Still the actual evidence (the Michelson Morley experiment) does constitute a sufficient reason against that approach.But of course the discovery of direct or indirect evidence for the existence of the aether would dramatically change facts.Bohm's quantum potential is such a candidate,though certainly it is not the same concept of aether Planck,Lorenz or lord Kelvin and many other physicists tried to save at the end of 19-th century.

 

[Hugo Holbling]

history clearly vindicates the existence of a method,having at base empiricism (no proof that comepting hypotheses are incommensurable,thus at least on long run they are potentially comparable on empirical grounds) and the principle of sufficient reason (the base of human rationality).

How does it do that?

Even the famous irrationalist examples with Copernicus and Galileo can be easily explained in the lakatosian view

They can? Would you care to try?