The Earth is not a point mass. Outside the Earth, you can treat it as if all the mass were located at the center of the Earth. But this isn't valid in the Earth. Actually, you need to sum the contributions to the gravitational field of each atom of the Earth. At the center of the Earth, the gravity from atoms in all directions cancel out, leaving 0 gravity in the Newtonian sense.
In fact, the gravity from a spherically symmetric source at some arbitrary radius R is the same as the gravity from a point source at the center of the sphere with mass equal to the total mass that is contained in the sphere of radius R. Any mass outside R doesn't contribute (it cancels out).