# Why ##n^\mu T_{\mu\nu}## is called the pressure?

1. ### ccnu

13
I read in the textbook which says that, according to the usual definition the absolute value of ##n^\mu T_{\mu\nu}## is just the pressure. ##T_{\mu\nu}## is the energy-momentum tensor and ##n^\mu## is a four dimensional normal vector.

2. ### ChrisVer

As given I don't see that this holds in general... For example take a perfect fluid for which it can be written in rest frame:
$T_{\mu \nu} = diag( \rho, p , p , p )$
Then:
$n^{\mu}T_{\mu \nu} = n^{0}T_{00} + n^{ii}T_{ii} = n^{0} \rho + (n^{11}+n^{22}+n^{33}) p$

Which doesn't have to be equal to the pressure... If though you choose $n^{0}=0$ (so it's not just any 4-dim unit vector) things can get better.

Last edited: Aug 12, 2014
3. ### ccnu

13
Oh~~ yes, I forgot to say that ##n^0 = 0##, and ##n^\mu## is pure spatial. Thanks a lot!

### Staff: Mentor

Chris, your LHS has a free index and your RHS does not.

In a general frame you would have
$$n^\mu T_{\mu\nu} = n^\mu \left((\rho+p) u_\mu u_\nu - p g_{\mu\nu}\right) = (\rho+p) u_\nu (n \cdot u) - p n_\nu,$$
where u is the 4-velocity of the fluid.

5. ### Meir Achuz

2,056
The association of ##n^\mu T_{\mu\nu}## with the pressure at a point follows from the fact that its integral over a closed surface equals the rate of change of momentum within the closed surface.
There are simple examples where ##n^\mu T_{\mu\nu}## is NOT the pressure at a point on the surface. For instance the pressure on a dielectric slab due to a point charge a distance d from the slab is not ##n^\mu T_{\mu\nu}##.

6. ### ChrisVer

oops sorry... yes the correct form would have to be:
$n^{i} T_{i \mu} \equiv n_{i} p$

### Staff: Mentor

$n^{i} T_{i \mu} \equiv n_{\color{Red}\mu} p$

Assuming ##n^0 = 0## and that we are in the rest frame of the fluid.

8. ### ChrisVer

the n0 is zero
and also mu=i for the expression not to be zero...

For the rest frame yes, I just corrected the expression I gave in my previous post

### Staff: Mentor

Even if the expression is non-zero only for spatial ##\mu##, you must still have the same free indices on both sides of your equality. In your case you have i as a summation index on one side and as a free index on the other. I can guess what you mean because I know what you are aiming for, but formally it does not make sense.